Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells free essay sample

Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic cells Prompt: Describe the similitudes and contrasts among Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. All life forms are made of cells. The cell is the most straightforward assortment of issue that can be alive. Cells are the essential auxiliary and utilitarian units of each life form. Cells fall into two unmistakable sorts: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. While Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells are comparative in that the two sorts of cells are limited by a plasma layer, all contain cytosol, and all have chromosomes and ribosomes; they vary in the area of their DNA, organelles in the cytoplasm, and their size. All cells share certain essential highlights. They are limited by a specific boundary known as the plasma layer. All cells contain cytosol which is a semifluid, jam like substance. Likewise all cells have chromosomes and ribosomes. Chromosomes convey qualities as DNA. Ribosomes are little edifices that make proteins as per directions from the qualities. We will compose a custom article test on Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A significant contrast among Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells is the area of their DNA. In an Eukaryotic cell, the majority of the DNA is found in the Nucleus. The Nucleus contains three particular parts, the Nuclear envelope, the Nucleolus, and Chromatin. The Nuclear envelope is a twofold layer. Additionally pore buildings associate the core to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. The Nucleolus doesn’t have a film structure. It serves in the creation of ribosomes. In conclusion, Chromatin is material comprising of DNA and proteins. In a Prokaryotic cell, the DNA is moved in the Nucleoid. The Nucleoid is likewise not film encased. The inside of either kind of cell is known as the cytoplasm. Inside the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell, an assortment of organelles of specific structure and capacity are found. In a prokaryotic cell, in any case, these film limited structures are missing. Eukaryotic cells are commonly a lot bigger than Prokaryotic cells. They have interior layers that compartmentalize their capacities. The Prokaryotic cells are a lot more straightforward in structure. Prokaryotic cells can get by in light of the fact that they’re little and materials in the cell have shorter separation to move. All cells can be named Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic. All plants, organisms, creatures, and protists either are single Eukaryotic cells or made out of numerous Eukaryotic cells. Every single Prokaryotic cell are made of single cells.

The Communication of Window Displays Free Essays

‘Windows uncover the spirit of the store’ (Portas, 1999: 41). Each store has its own idea that portrays each show, differing from theater, dramatization or on account of Armani Exchange moderation. Sharp looking windows are without a doubt, a unique type of promoting for items mirroring the stores’ brand picture. We will compose a custom article test on The Communication of Window Displays or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This exposition tries to assess how A|X Armani Exchange’s window shows convey to onlookers with the utilization of different assets. Armani Exchange is one of the sub-marks under the parental brand of Giorgio Armani. The utilization of shading, lighting, props and designs can catch enthusiasm, showing the establishment of any tolerable showcase whose point is to get individuals off the road. Windows are utilized as a selling gadget advancing items. They likewise reflect what the store is tied in with, carrying joy to the eye. A stores’ window is useful in the event that it entices clients who will need and have the option to buy the items offered, passing on quality, style and valuing (Portas, 2007). Also, windows can bait somebody in a shop because of mental variables. Brand authors, for example, Armani and Dior, give their own special character on their items and are hence founded on persona. As an online source says ‘Armani Exchange has gotten one of the most powerful assortments with its own extraordinary personality, just as an ever-developing base of youthful customers’ (www.ameinfo.com/192218.html). City life is radiated through its idea of provocative, chic and sturdy pieces of clothing. Henceforth, it very well may be said that quality alongside brand unwaveringness precedes the expense. Windows take a shot at the guideline â€Å"first impression is the best impression†, inferring that solitary a couple of moments are required for a showcase to â€Å"speak† to a bystander and get him/her inside a store. Portas affirms that ‘visual promoting is the workmanship and study of quiet selling, bringing item, condition and space into one animatin g and drawing in show to energize sale’ (Drapers, October 29: 34). This is appeared by the intensity of Armani Exchange’s logo - with dim foundation and white letters connoting common sense, lack of bias yet in addition agelessness which is turning out to be increasingly unmistakable. Moreover, Armani Exchange’s target clients are both autonomous male and female who have their own style, having a place in the age gathering of 16-35. It is progressively open to the bourgeoisie, who need a sample of the sumptuous brand. Given that costs are lower than the remainder of the Armani sub-marks, the attire is progressively comprehensive to people in general. This stores’ customer base may fill in as supervisors, understudies or may even be understudies living in East London. Moreover, they may go out for a beverage, espresso or shopping at any rate once per week, or read magazines like Vogue. Different stores they visit incorporate Zara and Benetton. What is more CPI is heightening; rivalry is amazingly high while shopper spending began to fall as September figures show as a result of negativity (www.guardian.co.uk, 2010). Subsequently, retail deals are relied upon to fall in the next months, alongside an ascent in VAT. Armani Exchange windows’ are open-back; inferring there is ‘no back wall’ (Morgan: 44). The striptease impact is clear as should be obvious the interior presentations stressing the point of convergence through the space between the mannequins, making an increasingly extraordinary visual effect, which is illustrative of the product of the store. A|X shows the garment’s costs at the base of the windowpane. Lighting from the roof and floor is surrounding going about as an impetus for the region (www.infostore.gr. 2010), as Figure 1 shows: Figure 1: The window shows A|X Armani Exchange’s front window in Regent Str. London, October 19, 2010 Source: Kaisidi, 2010 For harvest time/winter 2010, Armani Exchange trails a reiteration of dim shades summoning a monochromatic shading plan applying refinement and a perfect look, which are satisfying to the eye. Materials like calfskin and hide with metallic subtleties demonstrate extravagance blended in with a pinch of riddle, representing a scholarly and certain appearance. Anyway silver and gold subtleties on the articles of clothing supplement the dark shades, making the pieces progressively young. A drawback of open windows is that extravagant things displayed can be altered in the event that someone wishes to feel the texture, so they are trickier to dress. Other than that another negative perspective is that windows are not as innovative since there are less props. Consequently there is no story to tell. Outlines are straightforward yet legitimate and compelling. Compelling windows can ‘seduce’ (Portas, 2007: 54) you to buy something you didn't expect to. Purchasing even a little thing, one fulfills a need, a need to feel progressively mollified and fearless. Likewise, what you wear is the thing that characterizes you, mirroring your character as suggested by Berger (1972). Windows can influence somebody into putting resources into an article of clothing that will make them fortunate and spectacular simultaneously. ‘The influence to went through cash is the ability to live’ (Berger, 1972: 143), inferring that every individual deciphers the world in an unexpected way the equivalent applies in window shows. Armani Exchange has an exceptionally perfect methodology of â€Å"less is more† by not over-burdening its windows along with being â€Å"strong and simple† accentuating the brand’s power (http://ezinearticles.com, 2010). Besides, by following the â€Å"fresh is best† standard as per Berger (1972), they recharge their showcases consistently in this way normal clients find new stock in each visit. Still however, A|X gets conveyances each 3-4 days so repetitiveness is stayed away from. Hence, if a coat is gotten in the week, it will be put in plain view on that day. Visual marketing makes thoughts wake up whose design is to sell items through representation, as instigated by Clements (2010). Armani Exchange needs its clients to encounter the brand with the guide of visuals. Especially the three-dimensional sightline set corresponding with the swinging doors in the Regent Street shop ‘gives energy’ (Portas, 1999: 102), as appeared by the picture underneath. Figure 2: The window depicts a 3D advert for A|X shades in London, October 21, 2010 Source: Kaisidi, 2010 Christmas windows in any case, should be all the more fascinating and charming. Armani Exchange Christmas design is administered by enhancements lighting and radiation. Oval rings are radiating light that changes shading like clockwork; an alternate look attempted by A|X. The rings are evenly positioned close to one another, as it is unmistakably shown in the accompanying picture: Figure 3: The window shows A|X Christmas dã ©cor in London, November 20, 2010 Source: Kaisidi, 2010 Regardless of having a deal, windows were not unattained (Portas, 1999), since signage promoting the offers are put. Furthermore, it urges observers to praise style with the vinyl on the windows’ glass, abusing mental components to bait in spectators. In the wake of addressing 40 residents, computations show that 46% found the showcases of A|X appealing, despite the fact that 8% felt that it didn't stick out. The impact of these circles outlines gravity, speaking with the asphalt (Portas, Mary Queen of shops-Blinkz DVD). They function as respite focuses as they can be seen from far off, making the passers stop and peruse the new assortment. The stylish parity of the store underscores how the intensity of light can outwardly change a space. One could contend that the thickness of the pieces of clothing in Armani Exchange’s windows is sufficiently only to occupy the space accessible given additional items, for example, sacks and wallets. This is appeared with Figure 4: Figure 4: The window shows A|X most recent assortment 3 weeks before Christmas in London, December 3, 2010 Source: Kaisidi, 2010 Mannequins are supposed to be a compelling device, shaping the location of a presentation. In A|X, mannequins are brilliant and headless so as to speak to a more extensive crowd (Pegler, 2008). The mannequins’ outfits offer a potential wearable recommendation wherein one could leave the store with having a sentiment of satisfaction. Mannequins are forward looking, yet the passers can watch all the points, as recommended by Morgan. To close, window shows need to obviously characterize the personality of a store. A|X ‘serves as a definitive declaration to the intensity of the brand’ (Roll, 2010). The visual situation of the store is somewhat oversimplified so individuals may think it is excessively plain. Similarly, other people who are enamored with moderation get a constructive vibe for the particular windows, which are a convincing portrayal of the brand ethos. A|X has a recognizable and strong business picture, which triggers the clients’ enthusiasm for combination with encouraging correspondence. With everything taken into account, Armani Exchange window shows are viable for their objective clients, as they discuss their moderate message producing a stylish immaculateness of warmth and extravagance. As per G.U Journal of Science there has not been noteworthy observational proof with respect with the impact of window shows on consumers’ shopping attitudes’ (2007: 33). Book index http://ezinearticles.com/?Window-Displays-That-Work!id=4390505 Step by step instructions to refer to The Communication of Window Displays, Essay models The Communication of Window Displays Free Essays Retailer:Ted BAker Word Count: 1268 The Communication of Window Displays â€Å"Visual promoting is a crucial retail discipline, comprising of a progression of handy selling devices that are utilized to impact what and how much shoppers buy† (McKeever, K. 2008). A window show speaks to the different elements used to impart a message to its intended interest group. We will compose a custom paper test on The

I Scrapbook Sometimes

I Scrapbook Sometimes I wrote lightly about scrapbooking in my coping with anxiety blog post, but I did not get to post about any of my own pages. Here is a look into my life, and how I feel. My hopes and dreams, and my tremendous obsession with stickers. Sorry the pictures are so blurry! Lighting is difficult. Taking the pages out of their page protectors without hurting stickers is also difficult. Oops. Have you noticed yet that I love stickers? Like, I really really really like stickers. I hope you liked some of my pages. It really is relaxing and stress-reducing to sit down on the floor and put stickers on pages in pretty patterns and inspirational intentions. Making my scrapbook makes me feel better no matter what is going on and where I may be. So if you have some stickers and are feeling overwhelmed, get some pretty paper and give it a try. And if it isnt for you, well, Im always taking sticker donations :) And, as always, Rory is there to inspire me in my creative endeavors.

A Brief Note On Global Gender Inequality Issues - 1334 Words

Global Gender Inequality Issues Continuing Problem Gains and Progress More than 110 million children in the world are not in school. Among them two third of it accounts for girls. Some of the developing countries including Jamaica, Philippines and South Africa has worked on gender inequalities and made such policies that women literacy rate has gone higher. Women represents an average of less than 10% in the parliaments of various countries around the world. In 2005 Iraqi government decided that 25 percent of the parliamentarians must be women. Uganda has guaranteed one third seats to women in parliament, and Canada is also flowing their footsteps. In Sub-Saharan Africa 58% of person infected by HIV are women. In 2001 United Nations set a target that government should make strategies to empower women and reduce their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS Women are prohibited of ownership of land by families. United Nations passed Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEFDAW) which provided women with freedom and protected their rights especially towards the ownership of inheritance Women only earned 77% of wage for the same amount of work what men do. Gender inequality in Canada is not allowed by legislation and all women are equal, especially in earning money at work place B) Issue In today’s modern era are women still facing gender inequality in Canada? Concern †¢ This issue is important as calls for equal rights for women in the society. ItShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Universal Declaration Of Human Right Runs3100 Words   |  13 PagesUniversal Declaration of Human Right runs that everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. In this regards, statistics says that gender inequality in general, part of which is unequal pay, began to decline in the last ten years, but the process goes slowly and unevenly. 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Analysis Of Margaret Cavendish s Baruch Spinoza A...

There was another philosopher in the seventeenth century who has a similar system and a possibly more coherent system then Margaret Cavendish. Baruch Spinoza has a very unique monistic system. Spinoza lays out a system consisting of one infinite substance with infinite attributes. The two attributes which we can know are thought and extension. I will argue that the attribute of thought and the attribute of extension correlate well with Cavendish’s animate and inanimate matter. I will argue that Spinoza’s system is more coherent than Cavendish’s and solves some of her system’s issues. If it is that case that we desire a system similar to Cavendish’s then Spinoza’s system is a step in the right direction. Spinoza has a very unique style. He starts with clear definitions and axioms. The definition and axioms he lays out are things to which most philosophers in Europe at the time would have assented. He moves from these definitions and axioms to propositions and proofs. He will state a proposition, and he will immediately follow that with a proof of that proposition given the definitions, axioms, and already proven propositions. The part of Spinoza with which we are concerned is his argument for monism. The argument takes place in propositions one through fourteen. His ultimate goal is proposition fourteen: â€Å"There can be, or be conceived, no other substance but God.† By this he means that everything that exists, from humans to stars, are God. Spinoza does not assent to the

Emergent Literacy Free Essays

Addressing Emergent Literacy Skills in English-Language Learners Children who are learning English as a second language and live in homes where languages other than English are spoken are known as English-language learners (ELLs). Therefore, it is imperative that preschool personnel be trained to support the emergent literacy skills that prepare preschoolers to enter kindergarten ready to learn to read (Garcia Gonzalez, 2006). Emergent literacy skills are believed to develop during preschool years for most children, when they are in the process of becoming literate. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergent Literacy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The National Early Literacy Panel (2004) identified alphabet knowledge, phonological awareness, writing/writing name, oral language skills, and concepts about print in preschool children as predictors of later reading and writing success in elementary school children. To achieve success, ELLs must be in environments in which – †¢ The first language and literacy are not only valued, but enriched in a planned and systematic manner. †¢ Instruction in English as a second language (ESL) is targeted to the child’s English-language developmental level while also being challenging. Teachers are knowledgeable about the normal processes of ESL development and literacy development in bilinguals. †¢ The program has a strong home-school connection that provides parent training and views parents as resources. Emergent Literacy Skills are organized into four domains: Print-Knowledge Print knowledge refers to a child’s growing understanding of the relationship bet ween the form and purpose of print (e. g. , Adams, 1990; Print knowledge has been associated with reading ability in English as a second language in ELLs (Klingner, Artiles, Barletta, 2006). Exposure to different print in different languages helps the child connect writing to his or her native language and culture and also raises the awareness of the symbolic and arbitrary nature of written language. Phonological-Awareness Phonological awareness is the understanding that oral language can be broken up into individual words, words into syllables, and syllables into individual sounds, or phonemes (Bradley Bryant, 1983. ELLs with strong phonological awareness skills in English demonstrated a higher potential for reading achievement in later years (e. g. , Genesee, et al. , 2005). Writing Emergent Writing is considered a child’s first experience with writing. Children’s early experiences in experimenting with different forms of writing support later reading and writing success. Oral-Language Oral language provides the building blocks for literacy. Children who do not develop these core language skills lack some of the most fundamental skills essential for reading (Catts, Fey, Zhang, Tomblin, 1999; They must develop these skills in a language they do not speak while still acquiring emergent literacy skills and oral language skills in their native language. Therefore, one of the most critical emergent literacy skills for ELLs to develop is oral language in the native and second languages. Strong native language skills predict oral language, reading, and writing skills in the second language (e. g. , August, Carlo, Dressler, Snow, 2005; Carlo et al. 2004). Strategies for Improvement Improving emergent literacy in preschool ELLs requires the use of planned instruction or activities that address the prerequisite skills in the two languages, develop strong oral language skills, and connect home with school. Inclusion of bilingual print awareness and writing activities in preschool also will allow ELLs to develop skills in both lan guages and to increase awareness of different writing systems. ELLs also need to build language proficiency in order to connect phonemic awareness, writing, and letter knowledge to language that they understand. Oral Language Skills To improve oral-language skills and facilitate emergent literacy skill development, ELLs need to build vocabulary, oral language comprehension, and production. This context presents a problem for ELLs because they often do not continue to develop their native language unless those skills are stimulated in their home environment and used for instruction in school (Barnett, Yarosz, Thomas, Jung, Blanco, 2007). ELLs entering preschool require language-rich environments that focus on overall language development. If the school focuses on English acquisition of colors and shapes, the child is missing critical development of literate language like stories and vocabulary in the native language and may not have strong foundations for second language acquisition. To build vocabulary skills, explicit and implicit instruction is necessary (Schwanenflugel et al. , 2004). Books build not only vocabulary but also text structure knowledge and background that prepare children for academic success. Dialogic reading can also be used to help ELLs build abstract language, especially in the native language, and to acquire the second language. It is important to provide parents with training to help them understand the role of native language in overall academic, language, and literacy development, for cultural identity, and in English acquisition. Building language and emergent literacy in ELLs requires a planned and systematic approach to address the native and second languages and to provide parents with needed resources and support. Systematic and planned bilingual language and literacy instruction promotes growth in the two languages and does not impede or slow English-language acquisition. How to cite Emergent Literacy, Papers

Information System for Business Professionals Research Analysis

Question: Describe about the Information System for Business Professionals of Research Analysis. Answer: Introduction In this report, the researcher analyzes the case study of Global Education Services, which is a student recruitment Business. The business is specialized in providing services on international education. The report contains justification of six references that will be used in the second assignment. The justification of the references includes information about how the references are relevant to the case study questions. The literature search assignment is helpful in understanding the topic areas related to the case study questions. Justification of References Information System Information System mainly focuses GEC can use information system for removing its manual style of working. The use of information system in GEC provides improved level of service to its customers. The organization can technically handle staff leave, payroll and timesheets. GEC can use information system for managing most of its operations. Gathering and distribution of information became easier with the help of information system. The article is selected for providing information regarding the use of information system.GEC can use information system for removing its manual style of working. The article reflects that Information system will help GEC in proper communication with its customers, in proper decision-making process, and in recording data of students properly (Gillingham Graham 2016, pp.189). GEC will be benefited by the information system as it helps in Creation of client contracts, accepting payment, issuing receipts, generating letters and documents to stakeholders. The article is relevant to question number 1 and 4. International education Market GEC is an organization that acts as a recruitment agent for universities from different countries. It helps in improving the understanding of academic mobility, shaping international relation and higher education of GEC. All this factors helps GEC in competing against different organizations, which also act as a recruitment agent. The article is relevant to question number 2. The article is selected for discussing the major strategies that will be helpful for GEC in influencing students for choosing a particular destination for education. The article will be helpful for GEC in improving its present workforce. The article suggests different ways that influences a student for selecting a particular destination for higher studies (Pan 2013, pp.250). The suggestion will help GEC in flourishing its business. Strategic Utilization of Internet Internet is used in order to disclose personal and financial information. Social media, cloud computing and other web based software can be used by GEC in order to gain attention from the consumers. Quantitative responses were gained from the customers that help to understand the attitude regarding the use of technology for supporting sales, services, education and communication. The use of internet in GEC will be helpful in managing the workforce properly. The use of internet in GEC will be helpful in managing the workforce properly. The article is selected as GEC is facing many problems in its present work culture due to the use of manual processes. The use of internet will help GEC in creation of client contracts, accepting payment, issuing receipts, in communication process, in advertisement in providing customer support, generating letters and documents to stakeholders at a faster rate than they do manually (Totterdal 2015, pp.153). Thus, it will help GEC in solving most of the challenges that the company is facing due to its manual style of workforce. The article is relevant to question number 5. Change Management Change Management is one of the most important concepts in every business organization. The change is necessary as the organization is facing a lot of problem in managing current workforce. The company needs to change its manual style of workforce by adopting information system, which will be helpful in managing the processes of the GEC properly. Change management in GEC will influence the company to adopt modern technologies like internet and information system. The article is chosen because GEC wants to change its organizational system and wants to reconfigure it by using information system. The article is helpful in providing knowledge to GEC by reflecting the idea of structural recombination and realignment (Karim et al. 2016, pp.795). The article is relevant to question number 6. Ethical issues in Information System The use of information system creates many ethical issues. The major problems that occur due to the use of information system include health risk, unemployment, information privacy risks etc. GEC can use information system for removing its manual style of working. The proper use of information system minimizes ethical issues. The information System helps in providing information about Creation of client contracts, accepting payment, issuing receipts, staff leave, payroll and timesheets, therefore privacy of information is very much important. The article is selected as GEC wants to change its system of organization by implementing Information System. The article will be helpful in providing suggestions to GEC regarding ethical issues that can arise due to the use of information system. All this factors that are reflected by the article will help GEC in using Information System properly ( Wakunuma Stahl 2014, pp.137). The article will be helpful for GEC in providing suggestions for overcoming the privacy risk problem. The article is relevant to question number 7. Enhancing Competitive Market Segmented and integrated market settings affect dislocation of GEC. The only remedy to trade externality is trade agreement. GEC needs to compete against its competitors by implementing information system and by using internet. The organizations needs different ways that influences a student for selecting a particular destination for higher studies. The article is relevant to question number 3. The article is selected because GEC is facing huge competition from its competitor organization. The article reflects some strategies and policies that GEC need to adopt in order to enhance its competitive market. The suggestion will help GEC in flourishing its business (Bagwell Staiger 2015, pp. 137) The use of internet will help GEC in creation of client contracts, accepting payment at a much faster rate, which will have a positive effect on its recruitment process. References Bagwell, K, Staiger, RW 2015, 'Delocation and trade agreements in imperfectly competitive markets',Research in Economics, vol. 69, pp. 132-156. Gillingham, P, Graham, T 2016, 'Designing electronic information systems for the future: Social workers and the challenge of New Public Management',Critical Social Policy, 36, 2, pp. 187-204. Karim, s, Carroll, t, long, c 2016, 'Delaying change: examining how industry and managerial turbulence impact structural realignment',Academy Of Management Journal, 59, 3, pp. 791-817 Pan, S 2013, 'China's approach to the international market for higher education students: strategies and implications',Journal Of Higher Education Policy Management, 35, 3, pp. 249-263 Totterdale, rl 2015, 'case study: exploration of how technology and social media use is related to internet privacy concerns in a direct sales organization',Issues In Information Systems, 16, 4, p. 157. Wakunuma, K, Stahl, B 2014, 'Tomorrow's ethics and today's response: An investigation into the ways information systems professionals perceive and address emerging ethical issues',Information Systems Frontiers, 16, 3, pp. 383-397.

The History Of Baseball Cards Essays - Trading Cards, Baseball Cards

The History of Baseball Cards Baseball cards have a very broad history. In the beginning, god made man. Then, man produced........ the baseball card. From 1887 to the present, billions of baseball cards have been produced. Some cards are valued at ten cents, while others, are valued at over one hundred thousand dollars. Since 1887, Baseball cards have been a major part of many people's lives. The Beginning of the baseball card collecting era would lead cards to a path of greatness and immortality. The first baseball cards were made of a cloth like material. Many of these cards were "home made" (SCD)*. No one but the creator of these cards, (there all dead) knows for sure what exactly was used to produce these early cards. This time period started on 1887 and continued on until 1901. The 1887 baseball cards were part of a unique set. Not only did this set contain baseball cards, but it also contained boxing. golf, and horse racing cards. These cards are very high in value because of their rarity and because they are some of the early baseball cards. The common card is worth around $800. All of these cards are common, considering that there were no star athletes back then. There were not many cards sizes during this time period. The only size that I could find was one and a half inches by two inches. There were many company's that manufactured cards during this time period. They were: Mayo Tobacco Works, Buchner, Kimball's, Old Judge, Allen & Ginter, and Goodwin (SCD). These cards are rare, but are not very difficult to obtain if you're willing to pay top dollar. What many collectors call "the golden years of baseball", took place from 1902 until 1935. One reason that collectors call this time period that is because cards took many different changes during this era. Cards were starting to be packaged with Chewing Tobacco, crackerjacks, and Chewing gum. The value of cards during this time period depends on many different factors. A large percent of these cards have misprints (flaws). Because of these misprints, a card may have a higher value than the exact same card because of a misprint. The reason there were so many misprints was because the card industry was just starting to experiment with the printing process (SCD). The most expensive baseball card of all time was produced during this era. That card was the Honus Wagner T-206 produced in 1909. The reason that this card is so expensive is because only 4 of these cards were ever produced. Honus Wagner didn't want kids buying tobacco for the Baseball cards. One of the Wagners sold at an auction recently for 451,500 to Wayne Gretzky (SCD). There were three main sizes of baseball cards during this time period. One of the sizes was the "tobacco" size cards. These cards were one and a half inches by two inches. The second card size was a rectangular sheet of three cards. These were about two inches by five and one fourth inches. The third and final size was a square about two inches by two inches. Cards were packaged with chewing tobacco, cracker jacks, chewing gum, and cigarettes (SCD). Many company's produced cards during this era. Some of the major manufactures were : Piedmont, Soverign, Ramly, Hassan, Mecca and Turkey Red. The T-2.. series is very common at card shows. With the exception of the Honus Wagner, most of these cards can be acquired for a reasonable price. From 1936 until 1960, not much happened in the card collecting era. Three major changes occurred during this time period. The cards themselves changed to a size that would carry them to present time. Also, two ground breaking companies would arrive and last until the 21st century. The value of the 30's and 40's cards is around forty dollars for a semi-star (BKM)*. The value of the 50's cards is a little higher at forty five dollars for the semi- star. Mickey Mantle's rookie is included in the 1952 Bowman set. It is valued at $9,000 . Also, another Mantle , his '52 Topps is worth $35,000 (BKM, SCD, TUFF*). The 60's common cards are worth between one dollar and five dollars. There were two main card sizes from 1936 to 1960.

Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary †Spanish Essay

Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary – Spanish Essay Free Online Research Papers Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary Spanish Essay Galina Kavaliauskienà « and Violeta Janulevià ¨nà « propose in this article that specialized vocabulary is the most important realm in teaching ESP. They also consider that â€Å"the more words a learner knows, the larger the learner’s vocabulary is†. Also, we have to take into account another fact in what vocabulary knowledge concernes. Galina and Violeta affirm that a native speaker knows a wide range of many other words for any given word, this is the reason why the larger the combinatory possibilities of a word the learner masters, the more knowledge of specialized items s/he can use. These specialized items are called by some researchers ‘chunks of language’ (also ‘lexical phrases or items’, or ‘multi- word chunks’). According to the authors these chunks of language, which are the occurrence of lexical patterns in language use, are very important in language use and acquisition because they provide many advantages for ESP language teaching. Michael Lewis (a contributing writer to the New York Times Magazine, a columnist for Bloomberg, and a visiting fellow at the University of California) proposed in 1993 that language consisted of lexical items belonging to four major groups. The first group consists of not many words and polywords, which have usually been considered to be essential vocabulary that the learner has to memorize. The second group is collocations, which is the way in which words usually occour with each other. The acquisition of the most common ESP collocations is paramount to develop an accurate level of English. The third and fourth groups are fixed and semi-fixed expressions, which are considered to be, as well as ESP collocations, the most important types of chunks or lexical phrases, because, as native speakers use and combine them, mastering these accurately will offer the learner the possibility to understand how language works. Related to Lewis’s theory, Galina and Violeta suggest that ESP students must learn and master high-priority vocabulary but do not need to know which category the chunks belong to. What ESP student must have in mind is the awareness of their existence and their effective learning. At this point the role of the teacher is essential for the learners to recognize chunks. S/he must spend some time to develop learners’ strategies for dealing with new lexical phrases. For this purpose they created a list of authentic passages containing the target lexical phrase so that learners are led to discover what different collocations exist for the item. As no knowledge on lexical category is needed to identify chunks of language, Galina and Violeta emphasize the use of authentic material, so that language units are learned in context, which is better for the students’ intake of ESP vocabulary. If an item is decontextualised it is more difficult to retain it in memory and conseq uently to master it. Finally, Galina and Violeta recommend for the students not to forget the new acquired ESP vocabulary to check comprehension of authentic passages, to practice, to revise and to consolidate. They suggest a specific activities for each recommendation, namely, a ‘fill in the blanks’ exercise to the comprehension check; oral practice for the second and ‘role-play’, ‘problem solving’, ‘discussions’, or ‘pictorial schemata’ exercises to revise and consolidate the vocabulary. In conclusion, ESP learners become aware of lexical phases and identify them thanks to Galina and Violeta’s lexical approach method, because they do not have to concentrate on lexical categories but on the structures of the phrases or chunks. It is worth to say that multi-word chunks is a challenge for second language acquisition because it reinforces the students spontaneous availability to use ESP items. It seems to be interesting Research Papers on Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary - Spanish EssayStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMind TravelQuebec and CanadaResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Women in the work place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women in the work place - Research Paper Example The unjust power dynamics between men and women has evidently and significantly affected women in our society in general. This is for the reason that the situation of women is at a disadvantageous point as compared to that of men. Women are considered as second class citizens who are regarded as powerless and in need to depend on men. The normative standard expects men to dominate over women. In addition to that, such system of patriarchy is supported and intensified by our society through the unceasing reinforcement of the male domination via a wide array of institutions such as religion, government, family, education, and often than not, the institution of workplace as well. In the institution of workplace in particular, women’s participation in the labor force has been massive in every region of the world. Though the condition of women has considerably improved nowadays, it is the case that discrimination against them in the workplace still exists. Based on the report by th e International Labour Organization (ILO), the old ways of discrimination still exist together with the new ones (39). As a matter of fact, the gender – based discrimination does manifest itself in so many ways and in terms of employment, it occurs in all the stages of the process (ILO 39). That is to say, men are more preferred than women (ILO 39). It is also the case that women are given more workload in both paid and unpaid labor than men (ILO 39). Despite the more workload given to women, Kelan suggested that there exists a payment gap. As suggested by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, women are financially discriminated since they work 41 to 44 hours per week but earn just 84.6 per cent of what men are paid for these hours while those women who work more than 60 hours per week receive just 78.3 per cent of that of men (Kelan). This underpayment is only one of the discriminations of different sorts that women do experience. Even though women have the potentials that en able them to receive higher level of status in various companies, gender stereotyping affects how women think about themselves (Snowdon). Apart from that, the women’s role in economic growth is crucial but the thing is, still women face so many obstacles to get hired and be promoted in the workplace (â€Å"The importance of sex†). Given this background, the focus of this paper is to primarily critically analyze the position of women in the workplace. Specifically, it aims at identifying the forms of discrimination that women do suffer in employment. Also, it targets to know the barriers of why women do have such unequal top management positions with that of men in the labor force. Basically, this paper argues that women, although have what it takes to reach the top – management positions that men play in the workplace, still are at a disadvantageous position of being discriminated due to the unfair consideration because of one’s gender. Women in the Workp lace Women’s participation in the labor force has significantly improved as compared before. As a matter of fact, their participation in the workplace is massive which can be seen in every region in the world. In fact, as of today, there are great numbers of women can be found participating in public service since women are encouraged to join in the labor market (ILO iii). According to Kaylan, the rate and extent of advancement that women have created in the American work force are not realized by many of us (14). There are more women than men participating in the labor force of professional occupations which includes professional, financial, management and business professions. As a matter of fact, women have already reached the top of the corporate ladder. In the Fortune 500 companies,

E marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E marketing - Assignment Example eting is used for sending email messages in order to the relationship of a merchant both with its previous and current customers in order to repeat business and encourage customer loyalty. E-marketing can also be used to send email messages in order to convince current customers or acquire new customers to purchase products or services of the business immediately. A merchant may also use email messages to add advertisements that are sent to their customers by other companies. This paper seeks to discuss the concept of e-marketing (Doyle and Stern, 2006). E-Marketing harmonizes the overall strategy of marketing perfectly, and provides advertising campaign with proven results that are measurable, which can take the company’s current marketing campaign to a higher level. For example, where e-marketing involves product promotion, query responses, event invitations, and newsletters, an all in one solution is provided by emails (Doyle and Stern, 2006). E-Marketing provides an easily customized and efficient form of marketing to advertising organizations and other businesses that complements their current strategies of advertisement and close in on the interactive and profitable market. In addition, e-marketing is beneficial to such organizations and other businesses because it allows them to target particular group of recipients and reach out to an engaged and defined audience. E-marketing also penetrates and overcomes any geographical parameters that may be a constraint to the other methods of communication. Efficiency is high in e-marketing. This is because the messages can be sent and distributed to many recipients by just one click. E-marketing is also cost effective and requires minimal investment in order to have an appropriate system set up to function. In addition, e-marketing is fast and the commercial messages are delivered to the inboxes of the recipients straight away and instantly (Tapp, 2005). E-marketing can be regarded as a form of e-commerce since

Literature Review On Clay Bricks Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature Review On Clay Bricks Environmental Sciences Essay Brick is a core material that is commonly used to build the wall of a building. Clay bricks are the most common brick type. It is made from sand and clay and uniformly burnt at temperatures between 800 °C and 1200 °C. Surface finishes are sometimes applied, e.g. glazed bricks. Glazed bricks are still being produced in large quantity and can be obtained from major English brick manufacturers and suppliers. Calcium Silicate bricks is manufactured from sand-lime (calcium silicate). The bricks are pressed under great pressure and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks are smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The colour of the brick is produced from material source, composition and firing temperature. The size of bricks over time has changed considerably. Some early medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By the late 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the norm and a charter in 1571 stipulated bricks by the measurement of 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. Modern bricks are 8.5 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which is following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks are the bricks that are most used in buildings nowadays. 2.1.2 Defect of Size Oversized bricks are caused by poor material selection and preparation or underfiring. Undersized bricks are caused mainly by poor material preparation, faulty moulds and overfiring. 2.1.3 Defect of Shape There are many grounds which contribute to defects in shape. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. If the bricks are considerably over burnt, incipient fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, will come out of the kiln or clamp and get stuck together. Burrs are suitable only for hardcore purposes. 2.1.4 Defects of Body Faults in the raw material can give rise to defects such as cracking, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, may be due to exposure of green bricks to direct sunlight or rapid drying winds. Similar effects will be produced by putting green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large cracks maybe caused by rain getting onto hot bricks. 2.1.5 Defect of Appearance These defects are caused primarily by faulty wires in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the presence of unevenly distributed iron sulphide in the clay. 2.2 Types of Brickwork Defects 2.2.1 Introduction: Most parts of a building are built using bricks. Nowadays, brickwork defects are commonly found in buildings. This problem is getting more serious as days go by. Brickwork defects may cause a lot of problems to the occupants. The main problem encountered in building with traditional outside bearing wall of brickwork and concrete inside bearing structure is caused by differences in the temperature and moisture-induced movement. Cracks may be discovered in walls and solutions have to be found to alleviate this problem. (Verhoef, 2001) Brickwork defect which occurs in buildings has a variety of reasons. This is perhaps not surprising when one considers the wide range of different bricks and techniques in the construction of building, differences in the construction sites and the varied occupational or owner usage of the completed building. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that the brickwork is afflicted are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, cracks appear through the bricks or mortar and etc. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the different types of the brickwork defect will be determined. This chapter gives an overview of various types of brickwork defects and understanding the brickwork defects. By identifying the different types of the brickwork defects, it will be easy for the occupants or owners to find out the causes of the defects and subsequently take the suitable remedy methods to address the problem. 2.2.2 Brick Wall Settlement Any movement in a structural  brick wall will risk having the bond courses in the wall broken. Any movement in a  brick veneer wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlying structure is potentially dangerous and risk collapsing the masonry. 2.2.3 Bulging Brick Wall This is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course failure. This defect is potentially extremely dangerous and immediate action must be taken. If not, it will cause the building to suddenly collapse. 2.2.4 Cracks and Bulges in Brick Walls Frost and earth loading can push a below-grade brick foundation wall inwards. The wall is often bulged inwards as well as showing horizontal and step cracking and loose bricks will surface over the bulged area. The damage occurs from slightly above ground level to roughly the frost line. 2.2.5 Cracks and Loose Bricks Normally, crack and loose bricks are caused by frost, settlement, expansion, diagonal and stair-stepped. These defects often happen at building corners where the roof spillage is concentrated. 2.2.6 Loose Bricks and Missing or Lost Mortar This is the movement where the mortar is severely washed-out by roof spillage or other water movement against the foundation. Loose and lost bricks may also occur where wood blocks, originally set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is damaged by insects or decay. Similarly, if the wood joists are damaged and bent excessively or collapsed (insect damage, rot, fire), the collapsing joist can, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to minimize this damage source by angling the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket. 2.2.7 Spalling Bricks Spalling is caused by water and frost, such as water leaking into a brick structure at any entry point: a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and door penetrations. It is best to also beware of caulking bricks. 2.2.8 Exfoliating-Rust Damage to Bricks Masonry wall will have these defects when brick walls have been improperly caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The most common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel over a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. Moisture penetrating the brick wall through cracks or mortar joints is trapped around the steel lintel. Rust developing on steel lintels has tremendous lifting power as the rusting exfoliating metal expands, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around the lintel. Improper Repair Mortar  on Brickwork During repair works, tuck pointing or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard mortar with high portland content or mortar on soft bricks in a climate exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content means that the mortar will be not only harder, but more waterproof than the surrounding bricks. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freeze leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is particularly likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft. Salts on Brickwork Salts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas, salt can come from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damaging because it creates a steady expansion of crystals within the bricks. This can eventually force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulphates can be introduced when flu gasses condense. This is a common defect where a chimney has been sealed without adequate ventilation. 2.2.11 Efflorescence on brickwork Efflorescence appears as a white powdery deposit on the brick. It is a phenomenon that soluble salt dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form an unsightly scum. Without water, efflorescence cannot occur. The soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated atmosphere, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To minimize the risk, (it can never be completely avoided in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is possible, to avoid saturation. In other words, good overhangs, copings and sills with drips, need to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its way by sponging down the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial wetting) or dry brushing with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks.    2.2.12 Thermal Movement on Brickwork Every materials expand or contracts as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different rates when they undergo similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximately. When determining the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is important to remember the effects of the sun on materials. The energy from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 ° F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above 100 ° F. 2.2.12.1 Thermal expansion failures in Structural or Veneer Brick Walls A separate factor that can cause very large movements and extensive damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the thermal expansion which occurs across a long or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by intense sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure. Significant breaks and gaps  at vertical brick mortar joints due to thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage. Figure1: Significant breaks in mortar Horizontal sliding breaks  in brick mortar joints,  exposing reinforcing wire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more pressure on the mortar joint. Figure2: Horizontal breaks in mortar Step cracking  following mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls abutting at right angles the middle section of the long brick wall. Figure3: Step cracking in mortar Cracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings. Figure 4: Cracks and broken bricks (InspectApedia, 2007) 2.2.13 Moisture Movement on Brickwork Moisture affects all porous masonry materials, including bricks, mortars and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These effects must be considered when a combination of these materials is used, such as when bricks rest on a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the same Wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. After their initial mixing or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units shrink as the curing of the Portland cement proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is accommodated in design. 2.2.14 Sulphate Attack on Brickwork Most ordinary clay bricks contain sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water, calcium sulphate being less soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are liable to sulphate attack. The most vulnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and parapet walls but sulphate attack is a problem also on rendered, and facing brickwork. On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly horizontal and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two materials. (Eldridge, 1976) 2.2.15 Lime Staining on Brickwork Lime staining occurs when calcium hydroxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorb carbon dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is virtually insoluble and can only be removed by expert which is a costly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sources: calcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cement from hydrated lime added to mortar from brickwork in contact with wet concrete 2.2.16 Porosity on Brick Porosity is an important characteristic of bricks. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of bricks is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary effect, the rate of moisture transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The ability to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This distinctive property makes bricks an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all porous materials are susceptible to chemical attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like rain, running water and polluted air. 2.2.17 Crack in Brick Faces / Firecracks The finished appearance of clay brick can vary greatly; this is because it is dependent on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products contain cracks of varying degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually visible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process which becomes visible after the bricks are laid as a result of natural weathering of exposed brickwork. 2.2.18 Dampness of the Brick Wall More or less permanent dampness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a height of about 750mm, but may be higher in severe cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed off the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are lack of DPC (damp proof course), by-passing of the DPC, and failure of the DPC material. 2.2.19 Brick Growth and Expansion Gaps in Brickwork Bricks undergo long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. Designers can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and spacing of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between parts of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and include: The change in size of building materials with temperature, loading conditions and moisture content The differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, whilst clay bricks expand slowly over time) Foundation and footings movement Frame movement Frame shortening Temperature movement Internal horizontal and vertical movement 2.3 Causes of the brickwork defects 2.3.1 Introduction: Brickworks are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. Lack of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the result of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents. After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently. In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to take the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen. 2.3.2 Selection of bricks The choice of bricks is often influenced by the price but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects developing during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a trade-off between appearance and durability requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other. This is not always possible to assess the quality of bricks by the colour, variability of colour of bricks of the same source and method of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations. 2.3.3 Storage of bricks Bricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the lack of adequate protection on the site are rarely apparent before use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be responsible for both subsequent efflorescence and decoration defects. 2.3.4 Soluble Salts in Bricks Under burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come from the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are formed in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks. 2.3.5 Sulphate attack Sulphates are salts which are naturally present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will react slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a compound called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to expend and eventually disintegrate. 2.3.6 Solar Radiation While drying out of soil by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be affected and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north west corner of the building. (Loveder, 2000) 2.3.7 Migration of moisture The movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon known as long term dome and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the soil caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner. 2.3.8 Planting of tree Some of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees roots that plant nearby the building area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, the roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking. 2.3.9 Uneven settlement of foundations Where a particular heavy load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This consolidation will stop when the soil has finally compacted enough to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction. 2.3.10 Excessive vibration Damage caused by vibration from earth tremors, heavy traffic or pile driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to actually cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Loveder, 2000) 2.3.11 Additional building Building an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that which is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks. 2.3.12 Approach of design Design of brick wall is very important. The designer must have the knowledge about the brick experience in chosen the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the method of construct the brick wall. 2.3.13 Lack experience of worker Workers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addition, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall stiffness of masonry fell, gray mortar joints crack. 2.3.14 Overloading Cracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to revert to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results. 2.3.15 Lack of maintenance Maintenance must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for seriously defects happen. Lack of maintenance will make a small cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious. 2.3.16 Improper soil analysis and preparation When a builder chooses an area of land to build on, it is important to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction strategy that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of expansive soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and then shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inevitably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this is very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time. 2.3.17 Negligence of construction Negligent construction is an unfortunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a contractor or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install floor tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine. 2.3.18 Movement of the ground Mining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become displaced from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done. 2.3.19 Acid rain Acid rain is precipitation that is much more acidic than normal rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective dissolution of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the calcareous components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more seriously affected, depending on their relative porosity. 2.3.20 Environment Two aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wind may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (Swoden, 1990) 2.4 Remedies method of the brickwork defects in building 2.4.1 Introduction: As known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly. If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healthy purposes. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself. 2.4.2 Remedies of efflorescence Efflorescence can be minimized by laying dry bricks and by speeding up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing good ventilation. The salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not recommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then sponge the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction sponge. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in fresh water. 2.4.3 Sand-Blasted Bricks   Which have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using high pressure sand blasting or possibly even very high pressure water blasting can be permanently damaged by loss of the harder surface of the bricks which had been provided by their original firing. Once the softer internal brick has been exposed, the bricks will be more inclined to absorb water and to suffer water and frost damage. Sandblasting brick is considered a poor practice in building renovation and maintenance. 2.4.4 Remedies of sulphate attack The effects of sulphate attack manifest themselves as expansion of the jointing mortar. On rendered walls the signs are horizontal cracking of the rendering with portions falling off. Advanced stages of attack may make the structure unsafe. When rebuilding is necessary, the bricks use should be of low sulphate content and the mortar should be of a mix of 1:1:6 sulphate-resistance Portland cement: hydrated lime: sand. In addition, care should be taken to exclude all conditions of dampness. On rendered walls, the rendering should be removed and the brickwork allowed to dry before reapplying a weaker mix of sulphate-resistance cement, lime and sand. 2.4.5 Tackling Decay Where decay has occurred, take action to rectify the damage will be necessary before this leads to greater problems. The use of chemical treatments to stabilize brick should only be considered with extreme caution. Whilst the defects may be effective initially, there has been insufficient research carried out on the possible long term damage such treatments could have. Chemical sealants can trap moisture within the brick just as effectively as the claims to keep water out. 2.4.6 Cleaning Cleaning soiled brick buildings should be undertaken carefully. In the past, the use of inappropriate cleaning techniques has resulted in considerable damage being done. If considered essential small scale tests should be employed to assess the effectiveness and likely damage which could be caused before any large scale work is carried out. There are some guides when doing the cleaning works:- Do not re-clean brickwork with the same chemicals unless recommended by the cleaning chemical manufacturer. If there is deterioration, or suspected deterioration, in the mortar joints, additional water and chemicals need

Milan Sanitation Department Essay

1) What are the strengths and weakness of the system that Mr. Sponza developed for the control repair facility? Strengths a) By changing eight department they called shops as a â€Å"Profit Center† change the work attitudes of the workers. Since they’re now profit oriented, their productivity increase thus increase profits. b) By having this concept every each departments form a spirit of competitiveness, they compete each other even comparing to private sector. Having profit motives in every individual mind increase productivity thus increase profits. Weakness a) The concept doesn’t work in Engine Department due to cost to rebuilt engine was as much as the cost to buy new engine. b) Clocking actual time to do jobs will create uneasy to the workers because whenever they beat the clock they afraid they have to do more works. Without having an ability to trace the individual time, it’s difficult to do performance measure as well as to determine the cost. 2) Records on performance by individual or on costs for individual jobs were discontinued. Do you agree with this policy? No, somehow every each individual need to be assessed on their performance. Without records on performance the government will later having difficulty to do performance appraisal. Thus, no promotion, no increment on salary and no yearly bonus. 3) What recommendations, if any, would you make to Mr. Sponza concerning the system he has developed? How might you improve on it? Mr. Sponza needs to implement a â€Å"Performance Management Framework† such as setting up a Key Performance Index and Balanced Score Card where every each individual can be assed based on many factors not only on how fast they can do the jobs or profitability of every individual department. By implementing Balanced Score card, Mr. Sponza and management will be able to analyse four separate areas that need to be analysed: (1) learning and growth, (2) business processes, (3) customers, and (4) finance.

Urban Enterprise Zones

Some policies that could promote economic growth are tax rebates, lowering interest rates and developing Urban Enterprise Zones (UEZs). Providing rebates on home purchases, appliances and home upgrades encourages people to spend money. Lower interest rates work to stimulate home sales, credit card loans and investment in the stock market. UEZs offer lower tax rates, encouraging people to shop and spend money.2) Schumpeter's creative destruction describes how long-term economic growth is sustained by innovative entrepreneurs even when established companies are destroyed. This is less likely to occur in less developed countries because there are less entrepreneurs with less available funds than developed countries. This allows older companies, sometimes even monopolies, to maintain their position in the market.3) With reductions in government spending on higher education, the rate of growth in the United States will surely drop. Less government funding means many students will no longe r be able to afford the cost of tuition.This leads to an unskilled workforce and a downturn in economic growth. Less funding could also translate to lower quality in public colleges and universities. Many people rely on these institutions for respected degrees at a lower cost than private schools. This too would lead to less college graduates and again, an unskilled workforce.

The Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It

Critical Reasoning Essay 3: British Empiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. This radical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John Locke often regarded as the â€Å"father of British empiricism† after writing the 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and within this thesis arguing directly against philosophers such as Descartes and particularly opposing views on innate ideas and how a person comes to conclusions of concepts and whether ideas are born into the mind from birth or not. Locke’s views were certainly not universally accepted but did help the rise of British empiricism and led to the more radical empiricists such as Berkeley, who although disagreeing largely with much of what Locke said, regarding it as â€Å"abstract general ideas†, added to British empiricism hugely. Empiricism began in the 17th-18th centuries for a number of reasons, including scientific advances and a search for ‘new certains’. 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