Endothelial function as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease Essays

Endothelial function as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease Essays Endothelial function as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease Essay Endothelial function as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease Essay Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a group of upsets of the bosom and blood vass, and include coronary bosom disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, arthritic bosom disease, inborn bosom disease and deep vena thrombosis and pneumonic intercalation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/ ) . Harmonizing to WHO, an estimated 17 million people dice of CVDs each twelvemonth, doing it the taking cause of decease worldwide. Expanding prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and increase in hazard factors for future events, triggered the demand for seeking for new attacks in order to incorporate the current tendencies. Recognition of new hazard factors, fresh drug marks aims to back up an accomplishment of established ends ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . For that ground, application of biomarkers in the development of improved cardiovascular intercession, in order to better public wellness, has been greatly recognised ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . The hazard appraisal based on more traditional biomarkers ( blood force per unit area, serum cholesterin degrees ) supported the development of presently available preventative and curative methods ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . Nevertheless, presently available CVDs hazard steps can foretell merely 60-70 % of cardiovascular events, excepting the population of patients at intermediate hazard, who show no clinical symptoms ( Vasan, 2006 ; 17! ; to check-4 ) . For that ground, other agencies of hazard rating are being in usage to place and handle symptomless patients who carry increased hazard ( Vasan, 2006 ) . Academic research establishments and private sector acknowledge the importance of biomarkers in order to better public wellness position ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . Yet, despite of current attempts, barely any alternates of cardiovascular events achieved validated place ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . The regulative organic structures recognize the biomarker as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an index of normal biological procedure . Whereas, the alternates are biomarkers intended to replace for a clinical terminal point ( NIH-surrogate ; Tardif et al. , 2006 ; Cohn, 2004 ) . In other words, alternates are considered as forecasters of clinical result based on epidemiological, pathophysiological and curative grounds ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . The proof of alternates is based on verification that the marker shows correlativity with the true clinical result and has the ability to depict the full consequence of intercession on clinical result ( NIH-surrogate ; Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . Many foster campaigners show the relevancy to clinical terminal point, but they fail to expose the full curative consequence ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . The failure of campaigner biomarker to demo foster authority originates from missing grounds that the alternate ca uses the disease ; that the alternate is involved in merely one tract in the multiple-pathway disease ; that the alternate is sensitive to investigated intercession, or that the alternate measures an consequence independent from the disease procedure ( Tardif, et al. , 2006 ) . Sing that cardiovascular pathophysiology is the complex issue, it may be the instance that no individual biomarker will of all time supply ensigns on hazard appraisal ( Tardif, et al. , 2006 ) . Preliminary proof of a biomarker aims to turn out that the marker tracks with a validated alternate ; duplicability and standardisation ; acceptable sensitiveness and specificity as measured against clinical result. Novel biomarkers shown to track with a alternate antecedently validated on the footing of clinical end point trails may be more readily accepted ( Tardif, et al. , 2006 ) . Definitive proof includes presentation that the alteration due to intercession, independently predicts benefit and that a clear correlativity between a alternate and the result exists ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . By utilizing biomarkers in combination, better hazard profiles may emerge to supply predictive information, direct therapies to measure the efficaciousness of intercession ( Tardif, et al. , 2006 ; to check-5 ) . Current involvement focal points on markers of redness and oxidative emphasis, as a new foster campaigners in cardiovascular disease ( Tardif et al. , 2006 ) . Numerous surveies have demonstrated the potency of endothelial map to place hazard of cardiovascular events, even before clinical manifestation ( Mayo clinic-2003 ; Tardif, et al. , 2006 ) . The inquiry waiting ( staying ) to be answered is, whether the endothelial map, or instead physiology, would do ( or is ) a good alternate marker for the cardiovascular disease. A good starting point for this appraisal would be to supply some background information on physiology of this organ , followed by more elaborate reappraisal of presently available informations on the topic. Endothelial map: The vascular endothelium is considered as one of the largest paracrine, hormone and autocrine organ responsible for ordinance of vascular tone and care of vascular homeostasis ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ; 17! ; 10! ) . Surveies on endothelium physiology ( or instead pathophysiology ) have provided an grounds on the importance of this organ in the development of coronary artery disease and its clinical effects ( Figure 1. ) ( review-2 ; Bonetti et al. , 2003 ; Higashi and Yoshizumi, 2003 ) . Figure 1. Progression of coronary artery disease in cardiovascular disease ( Higashi and Yoshizumi, 2003 ) . Physiological importance of the endothelium is achieved via secernment of assorted bioactive substances ( with peculiarly of import of azotic oxide ) , therefore keeping homeostasis of the vascular wall ( normal vasomotion, suppression of thrombocyte collection, thrombus coevals, care of impermeableness ) ( 6! ; 17! ; 10! ; Greenland et al. , 2000 ) . The vasoactive factors include loosen uping ( e. g. , adenosine, prostacylin ( PGI 2, azotic oxide ( NO ) , hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids ( EETs ) , C-natriuretic peptide ( CNP ) and undertaking ( e. g. , thromboxane A 2, isoprostanes, superoxide anion, endothelin-1, angiiotensin II ) go-betweens ( 10! ) . Furthermore, endothelial cells straight communicate with smooth musculus cells via myoendothelial spread junctions ( 10! ) . Endothelial disfunction consequences in decrease of the bioavailability of vasodilatives, peculiarly azotic oxide ( NO ) , as the consequence of interaction between released O species and NO ( Benotti et al. , 2003 ) . At the same clip, an addition in endothelium-derived catching factors is observed. This instability leads to the abnormalcies of endothelium-dependent vasodilation ; the functional feature of endothelial disfunction ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) . Cardiovascular hazard factors affect many facets of the normal maps of the endothelium ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) , via activation of a figure of pro-oxidative cistrons in the vascular wall, ensuing in production of reactive O species that promote endothelial release of transcriptional and growing factors, proinflammatory cytokines, chemoattractant substances, adhesion molecules ( 17! ; 6! ) . All these determiners set the endothelium in a specific endothelial activation that promotes coronary artery disease ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) . Table 1. Atheroprotective effects of the Healthy Endothelium. ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) A complex cascade of events triggers the passage from normal endothelial map to its disfunction ( 6! ) . One of the earliest manifestation of increased vascular oxidizer emphasis is limited handiness of azotic oxide ( NO ) . The ensuing functional effects include unnatural vasomotor activity, development of a procoagulant endothelial surface, redness and eventually plague formation ( 6! ) . The bulk of conventional factors for cardiovascular disease are associated with endothelial disfunction ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) . These include hypercholesteremia, lipemia, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking ( 6! ; Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) . For that ground, the extent of endothelial pathophysiology appears to be correlated with traditional factors ( 6! ) . Interestingly, persons with a similar hazard factor profile may demo important variableness of endothelial disfunction every bit good ( Hashimoto, 2003 ) . Bonetti et al. , ( 2003 ) explained this province as the consequence of threshold ordinance of which activation triggers cardiovascular events ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ) Additional hazard determiners, such as infections, familial heterogeneousness, assorted continuance of exposure to hazard factors, and the figure of factor involved may farther lend to inconsistency ( Hashimoto et al. , 2003 ; 6! ) . Furthermore, endothelial map can be modulated by factors lending to vascular hurt, every bit good as fix mechanisms ( 6! ) . For that ground, the construct of endothelial vasodilative map reflects the vascular wellness position, supports the suggestion that this physiological determiner could be a utile diagnostic and predictive tool ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ; 6! ) . And its application, as an independent forecaster of future or alrea dy bing cardiovascular events may be of usage. The standardisation of methods used to measure endothelial map play a important function in set uping the endothelial map as a alternate for cardiovascular events. Although no gilded criterion exists, several techniques ( invasive and non-invasive ) found its experimental and clinical application, supplying consequences with a conclusive statement ( Tamaki, 2003 ; Hashinoto et al. , 2003 ) . These methods involve the appraisal of the vas s diameter alteration or its blood flow alteration with vasodilatives ( Hashimoto et al. , 2003 ) . Angiography utilizing acetylcholine is an invasive manner of observing endothelial physiology. Flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) ( the most widely used techniques ) , induced by reactive hyperemia is known to be endothelium-dependent and can be detected by high declaration ultrasound in superficial arterias non-invasively ( Bonetti et al. , 2003 ; 6! ; Hashimoto et al. , 2003 ) . *** The employment of PWA ( pulse wave analysis ) combined with pharmacological initiation, as the appraisal method of endothelial map has a possible to function as a non-invasive and practical tool in big population and clinical surveies ( Ibrahim et al. , 2009 ) . Other methods for endothelial map appraisal include the sensing of endothelial markers in the blood, such as endothelin, von Wallebrand factor and PAI-1 ( Hashimoto et al. , 2003 ) . Table 1. Prediction of future cardiovascular events by measurings of endothelial map ( 6! ) ABI indicates ankle-brachial index ; ACS, acute coronary syndromes ; BMI, organic structure mass index ; BP, blood force per unit area ; CAD, coronary arteria disease ; CHF, congestive bosom failure ; IMT, intima-media thickness ; MI, myocardial infarction ; NCA, normal coronary arterias ; NTG, nitroglycerin ; PAD, peripheral arteria disease. Table 2. Clinical application of possible foster functional markers for cardiovascular disease ( Vasan R. , 2006 ) . ( ? , unknown or questionable/equivocal informations ; + , some grounds ; ++ , good grounds ; +++ , strong grounds ) . Decisions: Cardiovascular disease is characterized by a really long, instead symptomless stage get downing at childhood ( lipid sedimentations in the intima of systemic arterias ) and come oning through a presymptomatic phase, eventually attesting itself at in-between age ( review-2 ; 17 ; 9 ; 10 ) . A biomarker characterized by truth and duplicability obtained via standardised appraisal will stand for a validated value for a clinical result ( Vasan R. , 2006 ) . Extra factors, such as its acceptableness by patients, an easiness of reading and high specificity will do a possible marker a strong campaigner for alternate ( Vasan R. , 2006 ) . Furthermore, the clear application of any new forecaster should be clearly specified ; that is whether it is for testing, diagnosing or measuring the intercession result, as there determinants extremely act upon the belongingss of biomarker ( Vasan R. , 2006 ) . The function of endothelial map in cardiovascular events has become the focal point of intens e probe. Abnormalities of the endothelium-dependent vasodilation represents a characteristic characteristic of developing coronary artery disease and corresponds with future cardiovascular hazard ( review-2 ; 17! ) . Therefore, measuring of endothelial map could potentially happen its application in hazard appraisal and betterment in curative result ( Benotti et al. , 2003 ; 17! ) . For endothelial map to go to the full validated alternate, standardisation of techniques used for appraisal is required. Furthermore, a big scale epidemiological and clinical is needed in order to measure the correlativity between endothelial map and cardiovascular hazard factors as a forecaster of undertaken intercession, such as showing, diagnosing, forecast and therapy monitoring ( Vasan et al. , 2006 ) . Mention: 193 Edward gibbons GH, Liew CC, Goodarzi MO, Rotter JI, Hsueh WA, Siragy HM, Pratt R, Dzau VJ. Familial markers: advancement and potency for cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2004 ; 109: IV-47. 231- Cohn JN, Quyyumi AA, Hollenberg NK, Jamerson KA. Surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease: functional markers. Circulation. 2004 ; 109: IV-31. 232 Mancini GBJ, Dahlof B, Diez J. Surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease: structural markers. Circulation. 2004 ; 109: IV-22. 233 Ridker PM, Brown NJ, Vaughan DE, Harrison DG, Mehta JL. Established and emerging plasma biomarkers in the anticipation of first atherothrombotic events. Circulation. 2004 ; 109: IV-6. Biomarkers Tardif J. C. , et al. , Vascular Biomarkers and Surrogates in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2006 ; 113:2936-2942. 11-biomarker Vasan R. , Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations. Circulation. 2006 ; 113:2335-2362. Ibrahim N.N.I. , et Al. Prevalence of A ; Icirc ; ?-2 adrenergic receptor ( A ; Icirc ; ?2AR ) polymorphisms and its influence on a theoretical account used to measure endothelial map utilizing pulse moving ridge analysis ( PWA ) . Clinica Chimica Acta. 2009 ; 409: 62-66. Hashimoto M. et Al. New Methods to Measure Endothelial Function: Non-invasive Method of Evaluating Endothelial Function in Humans. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2003 ; 93, 405 408 8

Joseph Michael Swango, Serial Killer Profile and Biography

Joseph Michael Swango, Serial Killer Profile and Biography Joseph Michael Swango is a serial killer who, as a trusted doctor, had easy access to his victims. Authorities believe he murdered up to 60 people and poisoned countless others, including co-workers, friends and his wife. Childhood Years Michael Swango was born on October 21, 1954, in Tacoma, Washington, to Muriel and John Virgil Swango. He was the middle son of three boys and the child that Muriel believed was the most gifted. John Swango was an Army officer which meant the family was constantly relocating. It was not until 1968, when the family moved to Quincy, Illinois, that they finally settled down. The atmosphere in the Swango home depended on whether or not John was present. When he was not there, Muriel tried to maintain a peaceful home, and she kept a strong hold on the boys. When John was on leave and at home from his military duties, the home resembled a military facility, with John as the strict disciplinarian. All of the Swango children feared their father as did Muriel.  His struggle with alcoholism was the main contributor to the tension and upheaval that went on in the home. High School Concerned that Michael would be under-challenged in the public school system in Quincy, Muriel decided to ignore her Presbyterian roots and enrolled him in the Christian Brothers High School, a private Catholic school known for its high academic standards. Michaels brothers attended the public schools. At Christian Brothers, Michael excelled academically and became involved in various extracurricular activities. Like his mother, he developed a love of music and learned to read music, sing, play the piano, and mastered the clarinet well enough to become a member of the Quincy Notre Dame band and tour with the Quincy College Wind Ensemble. Millikin University Michael graduated as class valedictorian from Christian Brothers in 1972. His high school achievements were impressive, but his exposure to what was available for him in selecting the best colleges to attend to was limited. He decided on Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, where he received a full music scholarship. There Swango maintained top grades during his first two years, however, he became an outcast from social activities after his girlfriend ended their relationship. His attitude became reclusive. His outlook changed. He exchanged his collegiate blazers for military fatigues. During the summer after his second year at Millikin, he stopped playing music, quit college and joined the Marines. Swango became a trained  sharpshooter for the Marines, but decided against a military career. He wanted to return to college and become a doctor. In 1976, he received an honorable discharge. Quincy College Swango decided to attend Quincy College to earn a degree in chemistry and biology. For unknown reasons, once accepted into the college, he decided to embellish his permanent records by submitting a form with lies stating that he had earned a Bronze Star and the Purple Heart while in the Marines. In his senior year at Quincy College, he elected to do his chemistry thesis on the bizarre poisoning death of Bulgarian writer  Georgi Markov. Swango developed an obsessive interest in poisons that could be used as silent killers. He graduated  summa cum laude from Quincy College in 1979. With an award for academic excellence from the American Chemical Society tucked under his arm, Swango set out to get accepted into medical school, a task that was not so simple during the early 1980s. At that time, there was fierce competition among a massive number of applicants trying to get into a limited amount of schools throughout the country. Swango managed to beat the odds and he got into Southern Illinois University (SIU). Southern Illinois University Swangos time at SIU received mixed reviews from his professors and fellow classmates. During his first two years, he earned a reputation for being serious about his studies but was also suspected of taking unethical shortcuts when preparing for tests and group projects. Swango had little personal interaction with his classmates after he began working as an ambulance driver. For a first-year medical student struggling with tough academic demands, such a job caused great stress. In his third year at SIU, the one-on-one contact with patients increased. During this time, there were at least five patients that died after they had just received a visit from Swango. The coincidence was so great, that his classmates began to call him Double-O Swango, a reference to the James Bond and the license to kill slogan. They also began to view him as incompetent, lazy and just strange. Obsessed With Violent Death From the age of three, Swango showed an unusual interest in violent deaths. As he got older, he became fixated on stories about the  Holocaust, particularly those that contained pictures of the death camps. His interest was so strong that he began to keep a scrapbook of pictures and articles about fatal car wrecks and macabre crimes. His mother would also contribute to his scrapbooks when she came across such articles. By the time Swango attended SIU, he had put together several scrapbooks. When he took the job as an ambulance driver, not only did his scrapbooks grow, but he was seeing firsthand what he had only read about for so many years. His fixation was so strong that he would rarely turn down the chance to work, even if it meant sacrificing his studies. His classmates felt that Swango showed more dedication to making a career as an ambulance driver than he did for getting his medical degree. His work had become sloppy and he often left unfinished projects because his beeper would go off, signaling him that the ambulance company needed him for an emergency. The Final Eight Weeks In Swangos final year at SIU, he sent off applications for internships and residency programs in neurosurgery to several teaching colleges. With the help of his teacher and mentor, Dr. Wacaser, who was also a neurosurgeon, Swango was able to provide the colleges with a letter of recommendation. Wacaser even took the time to write a handwritten personal note of confidence on each letter. Swango was accepted in neurosurgery at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City. Once he nailed down his residency, Swango showed little interest in his remaining eight weeks at SIU. He failed to show up for required rotations and to watch specific surgeries performed. This astounded Dr. Kathleen OConnor who was in charge of overseeing Swangos performance. She called his place of employment to schedule a meeting to discuss the matter. She did not find him, but she did learn that the ambulance company no longer permitted Swango to have direct contact with patients, although the reason why was not disclosed. When she finally did see Swango, she gave him the assignment to perform a complete history and examination on a woman who was going to have a  cesarean delivery. She also observed him entering the womans room and leaving after just 10 minutes. Swango then turned in a very thorough report on the woman, an impossible task given the amount of time he was in her room. OConnor found Swangos actions reprehensible and the decision to fail him was made. It meant that he would not be graduating and his internship in Iowa would be canceled. As the news spread about Swango not graduating, two camps were formedthose  for and those against SIUs decision. Some of Swangos classmates who had long decided that he was not fit to be a doctor used the opportunity to sign off on a letter describing Swangos incompetence and poor character. They recommended that he be expelled. Had Swango not hired a lawyer, it is likely that he would have been expelled from SIU, but shrinking from the fear of being sued and wanting to avoid the costly expense of litigation, the college decided to postpone his graduation by a year and give him another chance, but with a strict set of rules that he had to follow. Swango immediately cleaned up his act and refocused his attention on completing the requirements to graduate. He reapplied to several residency programs, having lost the one in Iowa. Despite having an extremely poor evaluation from the dean of ISU, he was accepted into a surgical internship, followed by a very prestigious residency program in neurosurgery at Ohio State University. This left many who knew Swangos history completely dumbfounded, but he apparently aced his personal interview and was the only student out of sixty accepted into the program. Around the time of his graduation, Swango was fired from the ambulance company after he told a man having a heart attack to walk to his car and have his wife drive him to the hospital. Deadly Compulsion Swango began his internship at Ohio State in 1983. He was assigned to the Rhodes Hall wing of the medical center. Shortly after he began, there was a series of unexplained deaths among several healthy patients being cared for in the wing. One of the patients who survived a severe seizure told the nurses that Swango had injected medicine into her just minutes before she became critically ill. Nurses also reported to the head nurse their concerns about seeing Swango in patients rooms during odd times. There were numerous occasions when patients were found near death or dead just minutes after Swango left the rooms. The administration was alerted and an investigation was launched, however, it seemed as if it was designed to discredit the eyewitness reports from the nurses and patients so that the matter could be closed and any residual damage curbed. Swango was exonerated  of any wrongdoing. He returned to work, but was moved to the Doan Hall wing. Within days, several patients on the Doan Hall wing began to die mysteriously. There was also an incident when several residents became violently ill after Swango offered to go get fried chicken for everyone. Swango also ate the chicken but did not get sick. License to Practice Medicine In March 1984, the Ohio State residency review committee decided that Swango did not have the necessary qualities needed to become a neurosurgeon. He was told he could complete his one-year internship at Ohio State, but he was not invited back to complete his second year of residency. Swango stayed on at Ohio State until July 1984 and then moved home to Quincy. Before moving back he applied to get his license to practice medicine from the Ohio State Medical Board, which was approved in September 1984. Welcome Home Swango did not tell his family about the trouble he encountered while at Ohio State or that his acceptance into his second-year residency had been rejected. Instead, he said he did not like the other doctors in Ohio. In July 1984, he began working for Adams County Ambulance Corp as an emergency medical technician. Apparently, a background check was not done on Swango because he had worked there in the past while attending Quincy College. The fact that he had been fired from another ambulance company never surfaced. What did begin to surface was Swangos weird opinions and behavior. Out came his scrapbooks filled with references to violence and gore, which he doted on regularly. He began making inappropriate and strange comments related to death and people dying. He would become visibly excited over CNN news stories about mass killings and horrific auto accidents. Even to hardened paramedics that had seen it all, Swangos lust for blood and guts was downright creepy. In September the first noticeable incident that Swango was dangerous occurred when he brought doughnuts for his co-workers. Everyone who ate one ended up becoming violently ill and several had to go to the hospital. There were other incidents where co-workers became ill after eating or drinking something Swango had prepared. Suspecting that he was purposely making them ill, some of the workers decided to get tested. When they tested positive for poison, a police investigation was launched. The police obtained a search warrant for his home and inside they found hundreds of drugs and poisons, several containers of ant poison, books on poison, and syringes. Swango was arrested and charged with battery. The Slammer On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery and he was sentenced to five years behind bars. He also lost his medical licenses from Ohio and Illinois. While he was in prison, Swango began trying to mend his ruined reputation by doing an interview with John Stossel who was doing a segment about his case on the ABC program,? 20/20. Dressed in a suit and tie, Swango insisted that he was innocent and said that the evidence that was used to convict him lacked integrity. A Cover Up Exposed As part of the investigation, a look into Swangos past was conducted and the incidents of patients dying under suspicious circumstances at Ohio State resurfaced. The hospital was reluctant to allow the police access to their records. However, once the global news agencies got wind of the story, the university president, Edward Jennings, assigned the dean of Ohio State University Law School, James Meeks, to conduct a full investigation to determine if the situation surrounding Swango had been handled properly. This also meant investigating the conduct of some of the most prestigious people in the university. Offering an unbiased assessment of the events that had occurred, Meeks concluded that legally, the hospital should have reported the suspicious incidents to the police because it was their job to decide if any criminal activity had occurred. He also referred to the initial investigations performed by the hospital as superficial. Meeks also pointed out that he found it astounding that the hospital administrators had not kept a permanent record detailing what had occurred. Once full disclosure was obtained by police, the prosecutors from Franklin County, Ohio, toyed with the idea of charging Swango with murder and attempted murder, but due to a lack of evidence, they decided against it. Back on the Streets Swango served two years of his five-year sentence and was released on August 21, 1987. His girlfriend, Rita Dumas, had fully supported Swango throughout his trial and during his time in prison. When he got out the two of them moved to Hampton, Virginia. Swango applied for his medical license in Virginia, but because of his criminal record, his application was denied. He then found employment with the state as a career counselor, but it was not long before weird things began to happen. Just like what happened in Quincy, three of his co-workers suddenly experienced severe nausea and headaches. He was caught gluing gory articles into his scrapbook when he should have been working. It was also discovered that he had turned a room in the office building basement into a kind of bedroom where he often stayed for the night. He was asked to leave in May 1989. Swango then went to work as a lab technician for Aticoal Services in Newport News, Virginia. In July 1989, he and Rita got married, but almost immediately after exchanging vows, their relationship began to unravel. Swango began ignoring Rita and they stopped sharing a bedroom. Financially he refused to contribute to the bills and took money out of Ritas account without asking. Rita decided to end the marriage when she suspected that Swango was seeing another woman. The two separated in January 1991. Meanwhile, at Aticoal Services several employees, including the president of the company, began suffering from sudden bouts of severe stomach cramping, nausea, dizziness, and muscle weakness. Some of them were hospitalized and one of the executives of the company was nearly comatose. Unphased by the wave of illnesses going around the office, Swango had more important issues to work out. He wanted to get his medical license back and start working as a doctor again. He decided to quit the job at Aticoal and started applying at residency programs. Its All in the Name At the same time, Swango decided that, if he was going to get back into the medicine, he would need a new name. On January 18, 1990, Swango had his name legally changed to David Jackson Adams. In May 1991, Swango applied for the residency program at Ohio Valley Medical Center in Wheeling, West Virginia. Dr. Jeffrey Schultz, who was the chief of medicine at the hospital, had several communications with Swango, mainly centering on the events surrounding the suspension of his medical license. Swango lied about what had happened, downplaying the battery by poisoning conviction, and said instead that he was convicted for an altercation he was involved in at a restaurant. Dr. Schultz opinion was that such a punishment was far too severe so he continued to try to verify Swangos account of what happened. In return, Swango forged several documents, including a prison fact sheet which stated that he had been convicted of hitting someone with his fists. He also forged a letter from the Governor of Virginia stating that his application for Restoration of Civil Rights had been approved. Dr. Schultz continued to try to verify the information that Swango had provided to him and forwarded a copy of the documents to the Quincy authorities. The correct documents were forwarded back to Dr. Schultz who then made the decision to reject Swangos application. The rejection did little to slow down Swango who was determined to get back into medicine. Next, he sent an application to the residency program at the University of South Dakota. Impressed by his credentials, the director of the internal medicine residency program, Dr. Anthony Salem, opened up communications with Swango. This time Swango said the battery charge involved poison, but that coworkers who were jealous that he was a doctor had framed him. After several exchanges, Dr. Salem invited Swango to come for a series of personal interviews. Swango managed to charm his way through most of the interviews and on March 18, 1992, he was accepted into the internal medicine residency program. Kristen Kinney While he was employed at Aticoal, Michael had spent time taking medical courses at the Newport News Riverside Hospital. It was there that he met Kristen Kinney, to whom he was immediately attracted to and aggressively pursued. Kristen, who was a nurse at the hospital, was quite beautiful and had an easy smile. Although she was already engaged when she met Swango, she found him attractive and very likable. She ended up calling off her engagement and the two began dating regularly. Some of her friends felt it was important that Kristen know about some of the dark rumors they had heard about Swango, but she did not take any of it seriously. The man she knew was nothing like the man they were describing. When it came time for Swango to move to South Dakota to begin his residency program, Kristen immediately agreed that they would move there together. Sioux Falls At the end of May, Kristen and Swango moved to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. They quickly established themselves in their new home and Kristen got a job in the intensive care unit at the Royal C. Johnson Veterans Memorial Hospital. This was the same hospital where Swango began his residency, although no one was aware that the two knew each other. Swangos work was exemplary and he was well liked by his peers and the nurses. He no longer discussed the thrill of seeing a violent accident nor did he exhibit the other oddities in his character that had caused problems at other jobs. Skeletons in the Closet Things were going great for the couple until October when Swango decided to join the American Medical Association. The AMA did a thorough background check and because of his convictions, they decided to turn it over to the council on ethical and judicial affairs. Someone from AMA then contacted their friend, the dean of the University of South Dakota medical school, and informed him of all of the skeletons in Swangos closet, including the suspicions surrounding the death of several patients. Then on the same evening, The Justice Files television program aired the 20/20 interview that Swango had given while he was in prison. Swangos dream of working as a doctor again was over. He was asked to resign. As for Kristen, she was in shock. She was completely ignorant of Swangos true past until she watched a tape of the 20/20 interview in Dr. Schultz office on the day Swango was being questioned. In the following months, Kristen began to suffer from violent headaches. She no longer smiled and began to withdraw from her friends at work. At one point, she was placed in a psychiatric hospital after the police found her wandering in the street, nude and confused. Finally, in April 1993, unable to take it anymore, she left Swango and returned to Virginia. Soon after leaving, her migraines went away. However, just a few weeks later, Swango showed up on her doorstep in Virginia and the two were back together. With his confidence restored, Swango began sending out new applications to medical schools. Stony Brook School of Medicine Incredibly, Swango lied his way into the psychiatric residency program at the State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine. He relocated, leaving Kristen in Virginia, and began his first rotation in the internal medicine department at the VA Medical Center in Northport, New York. Again, patients began to mysteriously die wherever Swango worked. Suicide Kristen and Swango had been apart for four months, although they continued to talk on the phone. During the last conversation that they had, Kristen learned that Swango had emptied out her checking account. The next day, July 15, 1993, Kristen committed suicide by shooting herself in the chest. A Mothers Revenge Kristens mother, Sharon Cooper, hated Swango and blamed him for her daughters suicide. She found it inconceivable that he was working at a hospital again. She knew the only way he got in was by lying and she decided to do something about it. She contacted a friend of Kristens who was a nurse in South Dakota and included his full address in the letter stating that she was glad that he could not hurt Kristen anymore, but she was afraid of where he was working now. Kristens friend clearly understood the message and immediately passed along the information to the right person who contacted the dean of the medical school at Stony Brook, Jordan Cohen. Almost immediately Swango was fired. To try to prevent another medical facility from being duped by Swango, Cohen sent letters to all the medical schools and over 1,000 teaching hospitals in the country, warning them about Swangos past and his sneaky tactics to gain admission. Here Come the Feds After being fired from the VA hospital, Swango seemingly went underground. The FBI was on the hunt for him for falsifying his credentials in order to get a job in a VA facility. It was not until July 1994 that he resurfaced. This time he was working as Jack Kirk for a company in Atlanta called Photocircuits. It was a wastewater treatment facility and frighteningly, Swango had direct access to Atlantas water supply. Fearing Swangos obsession over mass killings, the FBI contacted Photocircuits and Swango was immediately fired for lying on his job application. At that point, Swango seemed to vanish, leaving behind a warrant for his arrest issued by the FBI. Africa Swango was smart enough to realize that his best move was to get out of the country. He sent his application and altered references to an agency called Options, which helps American doctors find work in foreign countries. In November 1994, the Lutheran church hired Swango after obtaining his application and falsified recommendations through Options. He was to go to a remote area of Zimbabwe. The hospital director, Dr. Christopher Zshiri, was thrilled to have an American doctor join the hospital, but once Swango began working it became apparent that he was untrained to perform some very basic procedures. It was decided that he would go to one of the sister hospitals and train for five months, and then return to Mnene Hospital to work. For the first five months in Zimbabwe, Swango received glowing reviews and almost everyone on the medical staff admired his dedication and hard work. But when he returned to Mnene after his training, his attitude was different. He no longer seemed interested in the hospital or his patients. People whispered about how lazy and rude he had become. Once again, patients began mysteriously dying. Some of the patients that survived had a clear recall about Swango coming to their rooms and giving them injections right before they went into convulsions. A handful of nurses also admitted to seeing Swango near patients just minutes before they died. Dr. Zshiri contacted the police and a search of Swangos cottage turned up hundreds of various drugs and poisons. On October 13, 1995, he was handed a termination letter and he had a week to vacate hospital property. For the next year and a half, Swango continued his stay in Zimbabwe while his lawyer worked to have his position at the Mnene hospital restored and his license to practice medicine in Zimbabwe reinstated. He eventually fled Zimbabwe to Zambia when evidence of his guilt began to surface. Busted On June 27, 1997, Swango entered the U.S. at the Chicago-OHare airport while in route to the Royal Hospital in Dhahran in Saudi Arabia. He was promptly arrested by immigration officials and held in prison in New York to await his trial. A year later Swango pleaded guilty to defrauding the government and he was sentenced to three years and six months in prison. In July 2000, just days before he was to be released, federal authorities charged Swango with one count of assault, three counts of murder, three counts of making false statements, one count of defrauding by use of wires, and mail fraud. In the meantime, Zimbabwe was fighting to have Swango extradited to Africa to face five counts of murder. Swango pleaded not guilty, but fearing that he could be facing the death penalty on being handed over to the Zimbabwe authorities, he decided to change his plea to guilty of murder and fraud. Michael Swango received three consecutive life sentences. He is currently serving his time at the supermax U.S. Penitentiary, Florence ADX.

Formulaic Language In Academic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Formulaic Language In Academic Writing - Essay Example Development of creativity for me was something extremely difficult, but when I had known how to read, I started improving in creativity. My language teacher encouraged me and made smart remarks whenever I did well in composition writing. When I was in high school, the intensity of writing was more than when it was at the elementary level. I began writing essays, poems, formal letters, research papers and journals. These demanded much from me, as it needed a careful approach and some research using the internet and library books. Although it was difficult learning this, it has helped me in gaining crucial skills such as writing of formal letters and writing academic papers. When writing an academic paper, there are crucial steps to follow. The paper should have a title, introduction and the main body (Philip and Mathews, 3). The main body carries research questions, method used in the research, discussion and conclusions. A paper divided in this manner allows the writer to address the topic without deviating to unnecessary information in the paper. I have had to struggle so much with referencing and formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Harvard and Chicago amongst others. Referencing and formatting is mandatory in research. What has proved difficult and even still sometimes challenging in my writing, is how to reference online materials such as newspapers and journals in the various referencing styles. However, I have worked hard to overcome this by ensuring that I have samples of papers referenced according to each style that I often use in my research. I have saved them in my PC for reference in case I forget. In my righting experience, I have come to respect psychology. This is a field in which researchers give the human thought and the rare diseases that affect the affect the brain and thus impaired way of thinking.

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community Essay

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community - Essay Example This research paper examines one environmental factor that can have an adverse effect not only on the environment but also on the entire community. Talking about oil spills, it causes long term damages along with a lot of small damages which affect the entire environment. Some damages can also last for years. Oil which is spilled by tankers with damaged oil rigs and pipelines ends up in coating everything which is touched by it causing a bad affect on the entire ecosystem. Oil slick which is taken out of the large oil spills and is basically touching the beach along with the coats of oil and the entire sand and rocky area is touched by it as well. There are grasses and plants which will then absorb the oil marshes which are along the coastal area along with forests and wetlands are damaged and it will cause a lot of bad effects on the wildlife and the entire environment. When oil is not floating on the water surface and is basically sinking inside the marine environment the delicate ecosystem which is based underground is badly affected. Many fishes and also smaller organisms which are a very important part of the food chain are contaminated and are badly affected. Oil Spills end up in damaging the marshlands, marine ecosystem along with the entire beach area. There are many efforts and also remedies which end up in taking care of the environment however in spite of that many concerns and cases still exist. Sea mammals have to face a lot of problems and many of them end up in creating problems for the next generations.... oil is spilled near them and it can have deadly results for the birds, their feather are covered with oil which makes flying extremely difficult for them. The insulation process along with the water proofing is also affected badly and it ends up in giving rise to the hypothermia along with overheating. Oil is basically affected by the birds in the race of protecting their feathers which then badly damage the internal organs of the birds and it is also sometimes fatal for the birds (Effects of Oil Spills, 2012). Oil Spills are not only causing dreadful affects on the fish, forest, marine life and birds but it is also killing marine mammals badly. Whales, seals, sea otters and dolphins are few mammals which are badly affected. Holes of these animals are sometimes blown which ends up in making the breathing process extremely difficult for them along with badly damaging the communication process of these mammals. Hypothermia is caused to these mammals if their feather are fully covered a nd coated by the oil spill. Food supply of these mammals is badly affected and due to this oil spill the mammals can die and they also face extremely bad affects. The effects are not just for that particular time but they last for a longer time which causes death of many sea mammals later on as well (National Public Radio : News & Analysis, 2011) The growth rate of these mammals is affected badly along with some other smaller species being damaged badly as well. Eggs of the fish and larvae are exposed to the oil which ends up in increasing the death rate of the fishes which are an important part of the marine life. These fishes and the eggs which are covered with the oil die and even if some survive at that time their death is certain and the damaged fishes and the marine animals cannot be

Montage and New Wave Film Essay Example for Free

Montage and New Wave Film Essay The differences between soviet montage and French new wave cinema are interesting and many. Both genres of film seek to create contrast between adjacent shots via discontinuity editing, but subtle differences in their editing styles allow this contrast to produce very different results. In French new wave editing is used to both draw the audience in, and push them away, it draws the audiences attention and inspires distaste. Soviet montage on the other hand uses editing not as a method of controlling the audiences focus, but as a way to create ideas. An analysis of the editing in the Godards â€Å"Breathless† and Eisensteins â€Å"Battleship Potemkin† will highlight these different effects. In â€Å"Breathless†, the first use of editing to keep the audiences attention is in the scene where Micheal shoots the cop. In this scene Goddard makes use of editing to twist and distort time. The audience hears the cop tell Micheal â€Å"Stop, or ill kill you† in a calm voice at nearly the same time that Micheal cocks the gun. Immediately thereafter we jump cut to Micheal firing the gun and jump cut again to the police office falling to the ground as he is shot. From a narrative point of view it is understood that these events do not take place so close to each other. The events happen in much too quick a succession to mimic reality. The jump cuts elapse time in an odd uncomfortable manner. It can be argued that this is jarring, and distasteful, but it is exactly this jarring and distaste that makes this scene so fascinating. Rushing through the event which is clearly the inciting action of the film (flying in the face of CHC) yields a certain fascination with this scene that typical CHC could not hope to match. An effect similar to the one described above is present in the scene where Micheal and Patricia track down Micheals money in the taxi. This exemplifies the use of new wave editing to focus the audiences attention on the visual. In this scene, the visual difference between shots is minimal. If one were to imagine it without the jump cuts it would be long and monolithic but the prolific use of jump cuts counters this would-be-dullness. Once again the jump cuts elapse time and quickens the pace of the scene artificially. The audience hears Micheal barking orders at the drive in succession that is faster that he speaks in the story, and they understand that this artificial fast precisely because of the jump cuts and he obviousness in which they are presented. In this way Goddard is able to present a potentially long and dull car ride in the story much faster in the plot. Unlike the previously discussed scene, this scene does not quicken the pace past the point of comfort, it is intentionally fast paced and helps to excite the audience. First lets take the Odessa Steps scene from â€Å"Battleship Potemkin†. This scene feels almost as if it is a CHC film. Shots are spliced together smoothly and invisibly. The audience is never jarred by

Smart Growth Initiative in the Face of NJ Landscape Change Essay

Smart Growth Initiative in the Face of NJ Landscape Change The face of the American landscape has undergone a period of fantastic change in recent decades. With an expanding population and innumerable opportunities for economic and physical growth, urban centers and sprawling suburbs have pushed farther and farther into outlying areas causing pressures and development on previously untouched, natural lands. New Jersey has become, in many ways, the focus in dealing with issues of sprawl and development within its relatively small space. The most densely populated state in the nation, New Jersey often acts as a predecessor in both having and dealing with issues of environmental concern and/or damage. Within the past ten years, the issue of urban/suburban "sprawl" has become an issue of much concern among professional and private citizens alike. Characterized by unplanned and unchecked growth outward from urban core areas, sprawl becomes such a concern as it has reshaped the face of the American environmental landscape by fragmenting wild habit ats, overutilizing existing water resources, and building mile after mile of "McMansion" homes on very large tracts of land. The construction of this suburban landscape does not, however, come without a cost to the surrounding environment. To build homes with large areas of fenced in property, open space and natural areas must be tapped utilized to feed the strong market. While some would say that it is not the market fueling the various associations of homebuilders but instead the reverse reaction, neither this, nor the other is of significant concern when attempting to address the physical impacts that this sprawling "suburban-side" has on natural habitats. In the National Associatio... ...opment that present citizens, public and private alike, can help to shape and manage sprawl and growth constructively to help preserve much of the remaining beauty and natural resources that this state affords. Referenced Data "1997 Natural Resources Inventory" Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/index/nri97maps.html Hasse, John & Lathrop, Richard. "New Jersey Landscape Change Research" Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis. http://www.crssa.rutgers.edu/projects/lc "Land Use/Land Cover Data for 1986-1995" New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Database "Smart Growth Report: Building Better Places to Live, Work, and Play" National Association of Home Builders. http://www.nahb.com/main_features/smart.pdf

Mary Parker Follett Essay

The newest addition to the collection of books about Mary Parker Follett is a contribution by Joan C. Tonn entitled Mary P. Follett: Creating Democracy, Transforming Management (BUS stack HN57.T695 2003) The press release for this book is available here. Recently a new book about an older management theorist arrived in the Business Library. Published by the Harvard Business School Press, the contributors included Drucker, Mintzberg, Bennis and Kanter. Perhaps it was because the book was published by that press with comments by those people, that the subject attracted more attention than usual. The title of the book is Mary Parker Follett – Prophet of Management: A Celebration of Writings from the 1920s (BUS stack HD31.M334 1995) and the subject is obviously Follett who was a social theorist earlier in this century. A considerable amount has been written about Follett and her theories concerning organizations and management. Since the material is scattered over a long period and across different academic disciplines, this brief introduction and bibliography is designed to help you quickly find material relating to the â€Å"mother† of management theory. Obviously the place to begin is with the new collection of her writings mentioned above. It also contains evaluations of her positions, a useful epilogue by Paul Lawrence and a bibliography of Follett’s writings. For a brief biographical sketch see the appendix in Integrative Management: Creating Unity from Diversity, by Pauline Graham (HD 38.G68) as well as the essay by Graham in Mary Parker Follett – Prophet of Management (BUS stack HD 31.M334) which she edited. For an earlier biographical piece see Vol. 4 of theInternational Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, â€Å"Follett, Mary Parker† (DBW reference H 41.I58). The University of Western Ontario has a solid collection of material by and about Follett and there have been some works about her that were produced on this campus. In 1992, David Hurst wrote an article for Business Quarterly with the title: â€Å"Thoroughly Modern – Mary Parker Follett† (Vol. 56, No.4, Spring). Two masters theses have also originated here and they reflect the inter-disciplinary nature of Follett’s work: Science and Service: M.P. Follett and the Profession of Educational Administration by A.M.H. van den Heuvel (EDU stack AS42.L85.V265) and Mary Parker Follett: An Application of Her Management Theories to Educational Administration by Lorraine Vanderkerckhove (EDU stack AS 42.L85.V29). WORKS BY MARY PARKER FOLLETT Creative Experience (BUS stack BF 57.F6 1951; DBW stack BF 408.R67 1970) Dynamic Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett [electronic resource] (BUS stack HF 5547. F6). Weldon has an additional copy of the 1941 edition. Additional copies can be requested from storage, including 1 copy of the 1965 edition. Freedom & Co-ordination: Lectures in Business Organization (BUS stack HD 57.7.F66 1987). This work contains 6 lectures: â€Å"The Illusion of Final Authority†; â€Å"The Giving of Orders†; â€Å"The Basis of Authority†; â€Å"The Essentials of Leadership†; â€Å"Co-ordination† and â€Å"The Process of Control†. The last essay is also found in another volume available here at Western: Papers on the Science of Administration, ed. by Gulick and Urwick, p.159 (JF 1351.G8). The New State – Group Organization, the Solution for Popular Government (DBW stack JC336.F57 1918). The Speaker of the House of Representatives [electronic resource] (DBW stack JK 1411.F67 1896). For recent samples and discussions of Follett’s works see: Management Theory: From Taylorism to Japanization (BUS stack HD31.S22); Writing About Business and Industry (DBW stack HF5718.3.W74 1995);Management and Gender: Issues and Attitudes (BUS stack HD6054.4.U6K37 1994); Management and Organizational Behavior Classics (BUS stack HD31.M2917 1993); Great Writers on Organizations (DBW stack HM131.P74 1993); International Management Handbook (HD62.4.T47) and Classics of Organization Theory (DBW stack HD31.C56 1992). SELECTED WORKS ABOUT MARY PARKER FOLLETT In addition to some of the sources noted above, articles about Follett may be found by searching electronic databases such as Proquest. Articles that pre-date the electronic databases may be found by searching a variety of print indexes; some articles are noted below and others may be found quickly by looking at the M.A. theses noted above. Follett has also been the subject of many doctoral dissertations and they may be quickly located by searching Proquest’s Dissertations & Theses. Two dissertations that can be consulted are: Mary Parker Follett: Pioneer in Organizational Theory by Linda Brown (HD31.F667B76) and Scientific Management and Administrative Reform in Education†¦ by Kathleen Schwartz (HD 30.12.S39). â€Å"Sibyl of a Modern Science†, Business Week, Nov. 21, 1964, p.96 â€Å"Mary Parker Follett, Civic Leader Dies†, obituary, New York Times, Dec. 21, 1933, p.21, col.1 (DBWMFM AN 2.N5) â€Å"Mary Parker Follett: The Enduring Contribution†, Public Administration Review,Vol.28, No.6, 1968, p. 520 (DBWPER JK1.P85) â€Å"No occupation can make a more worthy appeal to the imagination either from the point of view of service it can perform, or from the tremendous interest in the job itself, than business management†. MPF. Mary Parker Follett Facts: Known for: pioneering ideas introducing human psychology and human relations into industrial management Occupation: social worker, management theory writer and speaker Dates: 1868-1933 Mary Parker Follett Biography: Modern management theory owes a lot to a nearly-forgotten woman writer, Mary Parker Follett. Mary Parker Follett was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She studied at the Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts, where she credited one of her teachers with influencing many of her later ideas. In 1894, she used her inheritance to study at the Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women, sponsored by Harvard, going on to a year at Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1890. She studied on and off at Radcliffe as well, starting in the early 1890s. In 1898, Mary Parker Follett graduated summa cum laude from Radcliffe. Her research at Radcliffe was published in 1896 and again in 1909 as The Speaker of the House of Representatives. Mary Parker Follett began working in Roxbury as a voluntary social worker in 1900. In 1908 she became chair of the Women’s Municipal League Committee on Extended Use of School Buildings. In 1911, she and others opened the East Boston High School Social Center. She also helped found other social centers in Boston. In 1917, Mary Parker Follett took on the vice-presidency of the National Community Center Association, and in 1918 published her book on community, democracy, and government, The New State. Mary Parker Follett published another book, Creative Experience, in 1924, with more of her ideas about the creative interaction of people in group process. In 1926, she moved to England to live and work, and to study at Oxford. In 1928, Follett consulted with the League of Nations and with the International Labor Organization in Geneva. She lived in London from 1929 with Dame Katharine Furse of the Red Cross. In her later years, Mary Parker Follett became a popular writer and lecturer in the business world. She was a lecturer at the London School of Economics from 1933. Mary Parker Follett advocated for a human relations emphasis equal to a mechanical or operational empha sis in management. Her work contrasted with the â€Å"scientific management† of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, which stressed time and motion studies. Mary Parker Follett stressed the interactions of management and workers. She looks at management and leadership holistically, presaging modern systems approaches; she identifies a leader as â€Å"someone who sees the whole rather than the particular.† Follett was one of the first (and for a long time, one of the few) to integrate the idea of organizational conflict into management theory, and is sometimes considered the â€Å"mother of conflict resolution.† In a 1924 essay, â€Å"Power,† she coined the words â€Å"power-over† and â€Å"power-with† to differentiate coercive power from participative decision-making, showing how â€Å"power-with† can be greater than â€Å"power-over.† â€Å"Do we not see now,† she observed, â€Å"that while there are many ways of gaining an external, an arbitrary power —- through brute strength, through manipulation, through diplomacy —- genuine power is always that which inheres in the situation?† Mary Parker Follett died in 1933 on a visit to Boston. After her death, her papers and speeches were compiled and published in 1942 in Dynamic Administration, and in 1995, Pauline Graham edited a compilation of her writing in Mary Parker Follett: Prophet of Management. The New State was reissued in a new edition in 1998 with helpful additional material. Her work was mostly forgotten in America, and is still largely neglected in studies of the evolution of management theory, despite the accolades of more recent thinkers like Peter Drucker. Peter Drucker called her the â€Å"prophet of management† and his â€Å"guru.†

Tourism Industry

A pictorial account for the BUFFS Centennial August 2011 Part 1 : Transport, Supply, Reconnaissance This is a brief pictorial account of the history of fixed wing flying in the roles of transport, supply, reconnaissance, patrol and inventory with the British Columbia Forest Service. The Early Years By now, many of us have heard about or seen the results of the C Forest Branch's first foray Into the world of aircraft. A contract was Initiated by the Department of Lands with the Hoffa Motor Boat Company for the construction of a single engine two seat flying boat, to be used primarily for trolling.The H-2 biplane was constructed during the summer of 1 918 and test flights conducted toward the end of August and early September. On September 4th, on one of the early tests over Vancouver, the aircraft experienced engine problems and the pilot elected to head for the waters of Coal Harbor. It never made it. The aircraft stalled (quit flying) and spiraled onto the roof of a Figure 1 : Hoffa H-2 crash Vancouver Seep. 1918 house In West Vancouver. The H-2 was destroyed but the young pilot luckily sustained only minor Injuries. This ended the thought of Forest Service aircraft ownership for almost 80 years.In September of 1919, the first aerial discovery of a forest fire in B. C. Took place over Duncan. The pilot off Curtiss JNI-4 (possibly during an alarm mail flight) spotted the fire and landed at Duncan to report It to the Forest Branch, who then took suppression action. The end of WWW saw a surplus of aircraft and support equipment in both Europe and North America. After the war, governments and agencies recognized the value of aircraft in Figure 2: Curtiss JNI-4 first forest fire discovery 1919 supplies. The Canadian government formed the Dominion Air Board to oversee the growing civil aviation in Canada.Half a dozen air stations were established across the country in 1920 including Vancouver, located at Jericho Beach. The Vancouver Air Station soon acquired 2 types of flying boats. 2 The Curtiss HAS-AL was a single engine four place biplane with a payload of up to 700 pounds and a top speed of 70 MPH. The Flowstone F. 3 was a large twin engine flying boat capable of speeds over 85 MPH and a payload up to 12 people with gear. These aircraft were not used operationally in 1920 but the HAS-AL was tested and evaluated by the Forest Branch and Air Station in the fall.The 1921 fire season saw both types used in arioso roles by the Forest Branch including patrols, fire suppression and forest reconnaissance, inventory and photography. One HAS-AL was also based in Sampson during that summer. 1922 proved to be a serious fire season on B. C. ‘s coast. The F. 3 proved it's worth transporting men and equipment to fires. Near the end of July the F. 3 transported men, equipment and camp supplies too fire near Battle Lake on Vancouver Island. The use of the F. 3 saved days of ground travel and undoubtedly prevented the fire from becoming a major event. By 1923, the Forest Branch had become somewhat disenchanted with both types of aircraft as they were becoming obsolete. Aircraft performance was not up to requirements especially in the mountains, and aircraft maintenance costs were high. In 1924 the Branch used the aircraft on a casual basis and only flew two dozen hours. By 1926 the regular use of aircraft for forestry work was severely curtailed. Figure 3: HAS-AL at Alert say late 1920. BC Archives AN-07649 Figure 4: Flowstone F. 3 1926 including an account of the 1918 accident, see the publication â€Å"Aircraft and Their Use in Forestry in B. C. 1918 – 1926† http://www. Abscess. Ca/docs/PDF/8/398. PDF 3 Through the late sass's and sass's occasional fire patrols and aerial spray projects were undertaken by the Branch, but not nearly on the scale of the early sass's. Fire patrols did continue with local civilian aircraft if they were available. Aircraft such as the Devaluing Moth were used for patrol and reconnaissa nce work. In 1929, in response to a outbreak of western hemlock eloper in Indian Arm near Vancouver, the Branch conducted an â€Å"experimental Figure 5: Devaluing Gypsy Moth Race 1935 dusting† project with a Boeing Flying Boat. 200 pounds of calcium arsenate was spread over 45 acres reportedly with â€Å"satisfactory results†. Primarily due to the Depression, the period between 1932 and WI proved to be lean years for aviation and fire suppression in the province. Fire suppression funding was severely curtailed during this time. Figure 6: Boeing Flying Boat dusting project Figure 7: Boeing BIB Flying Boat Indian Arm 4 WI and Post War Years During the Second World War Forest Branch personnel again recognized the value and potential of aircraft, particularly float planes in the fire detection and suppression roles.In 1942 they noted â€Å"there will be room for air transport in the post-war organization of the Forest Branch†. During this period lookout trained in the identification of hostile aircraft assisted the military as part of the â€Å"Aircraft Detection Corps†. In return the military provided reconnaissance and transport flying when available. In 1943 and '44 local aircraft were chartered for specific projects. In 1945 the Branch contracted 2 float aircraft based in the Fort George District. One plane was smaller, suitable for reconnaissance work and the able to move men and equipment to remote fires.These aircraft also flew in the Nelson and Sampson Districts that season. The success of these aircraft lead to the addition of a second contract in 1946. Two Cessna Crane aircraft on wheels were based in Sampson and Nelson as well as the float aircraft in Fort George. This new contract was with Central B. C. Airways Ltd. Which went on to become Pacific Western Airlines in 1953. This started a lengthy association with this company into the sass's. Figure 8: Fairchild 82 Nelson River 1944 AN-08394 Parachute tests were conducted wi th the Crane in Sampson in 1946 using U. S. Surplus 6†² cargo chutes.Figure 9: Cessna Crane 5 After the war, in response to the demands of Canadian bush operators, Devaluing Aircraft of Canada Ltd. Signed and developed the DC 2 Beaver. The prototype aircraft registered as CB-FEB. serial # 1 first flew in August 1947 and was acquired by Central B. C. Airways in early 1948. It wasn't long before FEB. was part of the B. C. Forest Service's contract fleet. Nearly 1700 Beavers were built between 1947 and 1968 and were registered in over 60 countries. There are many Beavers operating commercially and privately DC 2 the most popular bush aircraft in history.Figure 10: Beaver CB-FEB. near New Denver 1950 CB-FEB. is now preserved and on display at the Canadian Aviation and Space Museum in Rocklike / Ottawa. Over the next decade, the use of aircraft increased and became nearly routine. Workhorse types such as the Mourned Norman and Junkers JUJU/34 were used extensively, more often than n ot on floats. They transported and supported crews and supplies not only on fires but on projects such as lookout construction, saving a tremendous amount of time and money. One project saw the freely drop of packaged lumber to a drop site with the Junkers WWW aircraft.Figure 1 1: Central BC Airways Junkers W 34 transport Figure 12: Freely lumber drop Junkers 34 1949 AN-09884 6 By 1954 the Forest Service had a interact with Pacific Western Airlines for 6 float aircraft including: 4 Beavers, 1 Junkers 34 and 1 Fairchild 71 . They were based at Vancouver, Lakes, Prince George, Sampson and Nelson. All aircraft had a minimum 1000 pound payload and were paradox equipped. These were on top of the many charter operators and aircraft available throughout the province by the mid ass's.Several other Forest Service Divisions used the contract and charter aircraft including Surveys and Inventory Division. Figure 13: Pacific Western Airlines Norman 1956 In the late spring of 1955 disaster struck . A Pacific Western Cessna 180 floodplain (similar to the one pictured at right) departed Ocean Falls with the pilot and 3 survey creamers with the Forest Surveys and Inventory Division. Their eventual destination was Keenan where the survey crew camp was located. The aircraft never arrived. A search was military and 8 PAW aircraft.The aerial search officially ended on June 22nd. Forest Service survey vessels searched for another week or more, but the aircraft and occupants were never found. Figure 14: Cessna 180 floodplain Figure 1 5: Pacific Western Airlines Scans and Norman were part of the aerial reach 7 To illustrate the tremendous growth in the post war aviation industry in B. C. , by the spring of 1959 the Pacific Western Airlines fleet consisted of: 6 DC g's, 2 C ass's, 2 DC g's, 12 Norman, 23 Beavers, 2 Mallards, 8 Cessna ass's and 10 Bell 47 helicopters. Ass's and on Other aircraft types that emerged in the sass's and early ass's included the Fairchild Husky F II and the D evaluing DC 3 Otter, both of which also operated as water bombers. By 1965 the Forest Service contract fleet (in addition to retainers, birdsong and helicopters) consisted of 3 Beavers based at Vancouver, Sampson and Nelson, and 1 Otter based at Prince George. Their primary role was transporting fire fighters, work parties and supplies to inaccessible areas. On occasion they would serve in the roles of air patrol and reconnaissance.Figure 16: Fairchild Husky F II 6 Piper Super Cub PA ass's were also on contract to the Province. These 2 seat aircraft started flying for the Forest Service in 1960. In 1965 two were based at Dawson Creek, two at Smithies, one at Williams Lake and one at Keelson. They were considered â€Å"flying lookouts† whose sole purpose was fire detection. They flew fixed patrol routes coverage. Figure 17: Devaluing DC 3 otter Figure 18: A Skyway Air Services Super Cub – illustrating oversized tires for use in soft, rough field operations 8 Again, in r esponse to demands of operators and customers, Devaluing Aircraft developed the DDCD Twin Otter.This twin engine turboprop aircraft was generally a replacement for the single Otter and provided greater reliability, payload and retained the short take off and landing (STOOL) capabilities. The Twin Otter's first flight was in May 1965. It went on to become a success internationally and has been a workhorse in B. C. For over 40 years in wheel, float and ski infatuation. We would be remiss in not mentioning the Grumman line of Figure 19: Air west DDCD -rate otter amphibious aircraft. The Grumman Widgeon, Goose and Mallard undoubtedly played an important part in this era in the history of B.C. F. S. Transport flying, especially on the coast. Figure 20: Grumman Widgeon – Harrison Airways Figure 21: Grumman Goose – BC Airlines 1968 Sandpit Figure 22: Grumman Mallard – Pacific Western Airlines 9 1967 proved to be the heaviest flying year in history to that point. Transp ort and reconnaissance flying in the province reached nearly 9000 hours with contract and harder aircraft, and accounted for over 40% of the overall flying that summer. Numbers and types of provincial contracted aircraft remained fairly static through and equipment was still in it's infancy through this period.The sass's saw increased use of agricultural aircraft in aerial spray, fertilization and grass seeding projects on the coast and in the southern interior. The Cessna 188 Goanna operated by Contain Aviation was a popular resource on these projects. Figure 23: Early ass's shot of Contain C 188 – possible tests of aerial drops of seedlings in plastic bullets Figure 24: Contain Goanna – spray calibration with Radiomen dye The Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre was formed in June of 1982 with British Columbia as one of the founding members. Cuff's mandate included â€Å"a cost effective sharing of resources†.The 1985 fire season was one of the worst in dec ades with over 3600 fires consuming 235,000 hectares. At peak periods there were over 8,000 firefighters employed. CIFS was to become a major benefit during this season. Aside from some aerial detection aircraft, there were no support or transport aircraft on long term contracts during this period. Several aircraft were placed on short term agreements, usually for 30 day periods. Douglas DC as and Figure 25: DC 3 operated by North Caribou Air 10 several Beech 200 King Airs were put on these agreements to guarantee their availability.The North Caribou Air Docs were kept very busy transporting firefighters and fire equipment especially in the southeast of the province. The King Airs were used primarily for transport of personnel, however one operated by Contain provided infrared mapping services on the larger fires in the south of the through the National Safety Council of Australia. Air patrols flew over 10,600 hours in 1985. Figure 26: Contain King Air infrared aircraft at Scrapbook 1985 † Ram† fire in the background The B. C. F. S. Continued to use short term agreements for transport aircraft when needed through the late sass's and early sass's. Ass's and on The development of provincial sustained action (Unit) crews in the late sass's and early ass's lead to the need to transport these crews quickly, often from one end of the province to the other. In 1992 the province entered into a long term seasonal contract with Transcriptional Airlines for the services of a Contain 580. This also allowed for long distance pre-positioning of Initial Attack crews. Figure 27: TAP CIVIC safety Features card 1992 Figure 28: Trans-provincial C.V. 580 at Keelson 1992 11 In early 1993 Trans-provincial was purchased by Harbor Air and the B.C. F. S. Contract was continued with Keelson Flightiest Ltd. Flightiest (KEF) continued with the long term agreement through the busy 1994 fire season. They provided a â€Å"comb'† aircraft capable of carrying personnel and equipment together in the cabin area. In 1995, Contain Aviation supplied a contracted Devaluing Dash 7 leased from Trans Capital Airlines Figure 29: Flightiest C.V. 580 Sampson with fire crews 1994 from Ontario. The aircraft proved to e a success and led to negotiations with Contain over the winter of 1995 196.Figure 30: Contain/Trans Capital Dash 7 Bootstrap 1995 Figure 31 : Dash 7 C-EGGS demoralizing fire crews at Sampson ownership of aircraft? After 78 years, in January of 1996, the Forest Service Protection Branch entered into a Joint Venture partnership agreement with Contain Aviation for the ownership of a 4 engine DC Dash â€Å"comb'† transport aircraft. 12 The aircraft could seat up to 44 passengers and had an area dedicated for firefighting equipment or other cargo. The aircraft (registered as C-FIJI) was ideal for crew deployments within B. C. And to other adjacent agencies.The aircraft operated through the 2001 fire season, at which time Contain chose to limit thei r operations to fixed wing firebombing aircraft. The aircraft and parts were sold to Trans Capital in 2002. It went on to serve with the United Nations overseas. Figure 33: Dash 7 Captain outlining ramp procedures to fire crews prior to departing from Castle. Figure 32: Unveiling of Joint Venture Dash 7 spring of 1996 Contain President Barry Marksmen and Protection Branch Director Jim Dunlop in attendance. Figure 34: Interior of ‘vowel showing dedicated cargo area. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry of Bangladesh Term Paper International Business BUS 301 Submitted on: 20th July 2014 Letter of Transmittal Sub: Submission of term paper for completion of academic course Dear Madam, This is to inform you that we have completed our term paper on Tourism Industry of Bangladesh for the Summer 2014 semester as a requirement of our academic course International Business (BUS 301 The report encompasses on the functioning, organization, growth prospect, and other Important facets of tourism In Bangladesh.Through this report a bridge between our classroom learning about the theories and he reality of tourism Industry In Bangladesh has been established. It was, Indeed a great opportunity to study this industry of our own country. For extending our scope for learning, we shall like to take this platform to thank you. In writing this report, we have followed your instructions for report writing so as to present our views and understanding in the easiest possible ways. However, it will be our pleasure to clarify any discrepancies that may arise.Thank you in anticipation. Acknowledgements On the very first note we will like to thank the Almighty for helping us to complete this paper. It has been an honor and privilege to work with all those wonderful people who have contributed something of theirs to this paper. There are certainly some special ones who cannot go without mention. We express our humble gratitude to our respected faculty Ms Seedy Carnaubas Shabby, for her continuous support, assistance, guidance, and encouragement that has helped us sparing her valuable time to read this report.Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 6 8 8 Industry 12 Export growth 19 Industry production . 24 policy 30 value 39 This report provides detailed information about tourism industry in Bangladesh in the light of international business. It provides an industry overview, size and growth, domestic market, related export and import, industry capacity, industry segment, sq uired resources, policy initiatives, demand drivers, value chain, and industry analysis under Porter's Diamond model.The theories which have been learned on Bangladesh tourism industry so that the actual functioning of the theories can be witnessed. Bangladesh is a land enriched in natural beauty. It has a rich history and cultural background that presents that presents it with a wide array of tourism facility. In order to make the best use of the natural resources and historical sites the country has developed modern facilities like hotels, motels, restaurants, theme parks, ND other recreation and communication modes.The emergence of globalization have facilitated this industry and contributed to the country's GAP in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, it is also assisting other related and supporting industries to rise. Several international players have highlighted Bangladesh positively as a tourism destination during the last couple of years. The worldwide Endorsers of Nature cam paign included Sandbars and Cox's Bazaar among more than 440 candidate locations from 220 countries. Along with only 27 locations Sandbars is still a part of the competition.World leading publisher of travel guides and guidebooks, Lonely Planet, recommended Bangladesh as one of the top ten interesting travel destination in 2009. New travel guides have been published on Bangladesh by international renowned publishers. There should be no doubt, national as well as international; the Bangladesh tourism sector has indeed potential. But to make a successful international tourism destination it is Just not enough that Bangladesh has an interesting history, culture, nature and society to show – much more is required.Tourism sector of Bangladesh needs to be boosted through tragic management to raise gross domestic product of the country. As such linkage among vision, mission, goal and result are required. This will enhance tourism opportunity of the country. Introduction This academi c report has been prepared with the aim of studying tourism industry of Bangladesh. The main intention was to have an elaborate understanding of the industry in order to comprehend this industry as an internationally recognized industry.Specific objectives General study on the industry – industry size, growth, capacity, domestic market, etc ; Analyze the export opportunities and potentials of this industry and the related imports that are being drawn by this industry ; Extensive learning on the industry production capacity, human resource and other factor requirements, policy initiatives, and demand facilitation ; Learn about the value chain of this service industry ; Incorporating theories with actuality Scope of the report The report consists of details analysis of tourism industry in Bangladesh from multiple dimensions.Thorough inclusion of theories and examples has enriched the report. This may be used for future academic and professional use to some extent. The keen anal ysis of issues can be effective if it is nurtured further. Methodology For this report mainly secondary sources have been used for data collection and analysis ; Text books Websites Journals Other reports and publications The major limitation of this report is that it is strictly based on secondary data. No primary research has been conducted.An overview of various matters has been brought forward, but it is deficient in terms of objectivity to a little extent. Therefore, much elaborate research and groundwork has not been conducted. Furthermore, access to recent data few cases proved to be challenging. Outline: Tourism in Bangladesh is a developing foreign currency earner. The country was listed by Lonely Planet in 2011 as the â€Å"best value destination†. Bangladesh tourist attractions include, historical and monuments, resorts, beaches, picnic spots, forests and tribal people, wildlife of various species.Bangladesh offers ample opportunities to tourists for angling, water skiing, river cruising, hiking, yachting, sea bathing as well as bringing one in close touch with pristine nature. In the northern part, imprisoning the Rajahs division, there are archaeological sites, including the temple city Putrid in Rajahs; the largest and most ancient archaeological site, Manslaughter in Bogart; the single largest Buddhist monastery, Paragraph in Mango; the most ornamental terracotta Hindu temple in Bangladesh Kantian Temple, and many Raisers or palaces of old Seminars.In the south-eastern part, which is the Chitchatting division, there are natural and hilly areas like Chitchatting Hill Tracts, along with sandy sea beaches. The most notable beach, in Cox's Bazaar, is a contender for the title of longest unbroken sandy sea beach in the world. Cox's Bazaar is the longest natural unbroken sea beach in the world. In the south-western part, the world with Royal Bengal Tiger and spotted deer. The historically and architecturally important sixty domed mosque in Bege tter is a notable site. In the north-eastern part, Sylphs division, there is a green carpet of tea plants on small hillocks.Natural reserved forests are great attractions. Migratory birds in winter, particularly in the hoar areas, are also very attractive in this area. Overview of the Industry Ministry of Tourism and The Civil Aviation Ministry design national policies for the velveteen and promotion of tourism. The Ministry also maintains the Beautiful Bangladesh campaign. It was an ancient state founded around 300 BC where Bengal region (Bangladesh and West Bengal) lies today according to the information available from Wisped.Greek, Latin and Egyptian accounts about Sangria suggested that the country was located in the detail region of South Bengal. In many meetings, conferences, talk shows, seminars and travel fairs that were held in Dacha, the principle speakers including the tourism minister and senior tourism officials speak about tourist arrivals and tourism revenue. But thes e figures are not accepted as reliable by many users, because their mode of collection is not often dependable.The â€Å"tourist arrival† figures are calculated on a monthly basis by the police department from reports at the entry check points and not by professionals. The foreign exchange figures are released by the Bangladesh Bank on the basis of returns furnished by the stakeholders of the tourism industry. While reports from tourism earnings are regular, the reports on tourist arrivals lag behind by years for reasons only known to government. During the last five years (2006-2010) Bangladesh achieved a total number of 15, 29,000 visitors and earned IIS$ 413. 00 million.In order to make these figures more reliable at the national and at the international levels, steps should be taken by the government to modernize the methods of collecting such statistics. There is a Tourism Satellite Accounting System for aggregating the figures of tourist arrivals and earnings, which hav e been introduced by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNTO). Bangladesh, a founding member of the UNTO, should avail this technical assistance from UNTO under the ‘digital' Bangladesh program for streamlining these compilations.The World Travel and Tourism Council (WATCH) and UNTO reports say that international arrivals have been positive in 2012, although in the Euro Zone, due to sovereign debt issues and national austerity policies, tourism spending has declined. The pace of growth in the developing countries, including Bangladesh, is faster than in developed nations. Tourism and the resultant employments in the sector fluctuate with every major incident that affects the world; namely the global melt-down of banks, climate change, Tsunami and incidents like Arab spring.In order to adjust to the fluctuations, major tourist destinations adjust their tourism policies in time. The US government is very much awake to the problems of fluctuations. President Obama in January last year signed a law, The Travel Promotion Act 2010, to take steps in keeping domestic tourists at home and to attract more inbound tourists; keeping in mind that the number of Chinese visitors is expected to grow by 259% in the next 5 years and the number of Brazilian tourists is expected to swell by 83%.The US government is also liberalizing entry formalities by waving/relaxing the visa rules and allowing the undertaking giant travel promotion campaigns in their market areas and using high- profile spokes persons, websites, social media tools to work together to bring together interesting â€Å"traveling opportunities† to the international public and the traveling professionals.Comparing the situation of US, which look at all the problems affecting the globe with Bangladesh, may sound utopian but the point that is being made here is that the Bangladesh government should learn from the best practices in tourism development, and activate the government outfits to re spond to the modern marketing needs. Industry Size and Growth The government created the Tourism Board in 2009, in addition to the Bangladesh Parental Corporation, which existed for the last 40 years to expedite the growth of tourism in the country.It now appears that both the organizations are less active in their divided filed of activities. It has been learnt from a very senior officer of the Bangladesh Parental Corporation that during the last financial year (2011-2012), the government allocated TX. 650. O million to the Board for promoting and branding Bangladesh. A bulk of this allocation has remained unused. During the last year, the Board participated in some international tourism fairs but their presentations were the poorest due to a lack of experience.The Board is composed of 11 representatives drawn from various ministries of the government and 5 directors from private sectors, who do not directly transact with any tourism business. The Board is supposed to meet once in every 2 months to transact business but nothing is known about their activities. The Board does not inform the print and electronic media. There is a National Tourism Policy in the country and there is a National Tourism Council headed by the Prime Minister.But nothing is known to the public about the activities of this high level council. At present Cox's Bazaar, an unplanned beach town, having nearly 450 hotels and the motels, experiences seasonal traffics; and all kinds of illegal activities are conducted there, according to personal experience of some local and many foreign tourists and some official who work in the hotels there. The Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism, despite its existence from 1975, has not been able to bring out any official hotel guide, travel agents guide and tour operators guide.The minister is generally seen performing routine functions such as banning mooing in tourist hotels (government by a law) has banned smoking in public places inauguration of 3 -4 travel fairs in a year and these travel fairs promote foreign destinations, rather than domestic tourist centers. Many promises came from the minister pretty fast before the listeners in the recent past, but the follow-up by his ministry remained pretty slow. At present, despite some investment in putting Bangladesh on the international tourism map, there has been a significant failure to make any real impression.The first priority for any Marketing and Communications activity is to rectify this failure. The government must define the key target audiences; analyze what the target group needs: history, archaeology, culture, heritage, cuisine and shopping; create affordable flights and facilitate travel documentation including making visas easy and accessible, especially for potential travelers from key markets (US, Europe, Australia, Japan and China).The present unhelpful attitudes of missions aboard and at the entry points to harass foreign travelers have to be rectified. It must be understood that welcoming the tourists and accommodation. Because of the very absorbing capacity of this industry which is influenced by the functions of many ministries, departments and private sector enterprises, the scope of tourism activities have expanded.UNTO, WATCH, ILL and UNESCO say that: tourism can generate revenue in areas of high biodiversity; tourism can raise public support for conservation since it can provide environmental education to visitors and local/rural people; tourism can catalyst economic opportunities for local/rural people; tourism can be less environmentally damaging than other revenue generating industries based on natural resources; tourism may be one of the few economic activities suited to take place within conservation areas coated on marginal land and tourism based on natural resources can theoretically be sustainable if its impacts are managed and mitigated.The multiplier effect of the tourist dollar bigger, as the dollar changes hands through 13 beneficiaries within the country. Most destination countries have superb five-star resorts and attractions, unique culture, landscape and heritage. Each place describes itself as having the friendliest people, and high standards of customer service. As a result, the need for destinations to create an identity -? to differentiate themselves from their competitors -? is more critical than ever.The ‘Beautiful Bangladesh' slogan, upon which such activities are based at present, is common place and uncompetitive, in a highly sophisticated and competitive market. The work behind branding this nation should be done in Bangladesh, in consultation with sociologists, economists, researchers' economists and environmentalists. Tourism product development is designed to increase the income in the sector by implementation of a comprehensive plan of action that will guide towards dealing with estimated increase in business over the short, medium and long-terms.The strategies for the deve lopment and management of tourist destinations should, therefore, consider the needs and interests of all stakeholders in the tourism system: local/rural community, entrepreneurs, investors, governments, tourists and others. Tourism development needs social dialogue including negotiation, consultation and exchange of information between government, employers and workers on issues of common interest. The goal is to promote consensus building and democratic involvement with the stakeholders of tourism.This should start now and the existing gap be filled. Not only does the lands of Bangladesh have a history that goes back as much as 5,000 ears as an early civilization, an early international center of trade and commerce, it has the tangible, as well as the documentary, circumstantial and empirical evidence to demonstrate that through the centers of tourism attractions. Domestic market The attraction of tourism of a country depends upon its geology, natural beauty, heritage, archeology and history.Bangladesh, the ancient state founded around 300 BC is now a land of 154. 7 million people with an exponential market in tourism industry. With over 8% registered growth from the year 2000 to 2013 the domestic tourism market is full of potentials and opportunities. The domestic tourism of Bangladesh continues to be driven by major cities, like Dacha, Chitchatting, Rajahs and Sylphs etc. And mountain destinations for instance Reanimating, Geographic, Bandore.The locations hosting the massive salt water body like Kuwait, Cox's Bazaar are also the prime intention of native travelers plus the islands across the Bay nowadays regard personal well-being and relaxation as key factors in refreshing their daily lives, the home tourism flow showed smooth growth over the years and the stream of people in the popular tourist attractions rise in its peak in time of three ajar occasions-in the winter and after two Did festivals; Led-LU-fitter and Did-LU- dada.Over year growth of domest ic tourism Year Growth rate (Based on the number of trips and revenue from tourism sector) 2009 – 20104% 2010- 20116% 2011 – 20127. 25% 2012- 20138% To lodge this huge and consistent in ward flow of travelers in these cities, hotel and resort business flourishes impressively. Range of national and international hotels mounts in at the popular tourist destinations to give the travelers a sense of relief and relaxation from the monotony of city hustle and bustle. Hotel Roseville, Hotel Supreme and Maximizing resort are the popular choice of Sylphs.In Chitchatting, Hotel Graded, Hotel Costal Palace, Seagull hotel are operating in full swing. Hash's Inn, SUB Hotel International, Parental Motel etc. Are doing their business in Rajahs. In Ranging Parental Motel, Shah Manta Inn and Hotel North View are the first choice of the customers. Reports Bangle (hotel). Dacha Regency hotel, Platinum Suites are few among the range of hotel experience anyone can enjoy in the capital city of Bangladesh. Few top ranked hotels and resorts of Bangladesh tourism industries are Resort/ Hotel Special Features and LocationDacha Weston Location: Goulash Avenue, Plot-01, Road 45, Dacha 1212, Bangladesh. Height : 85. 91 m (281. 9 Ft), Rooms : 241 Restaurants : 6 , Floors count : 24 Hotel Garden Inn Fully air-conditioned rooms, gym facility, Wi-If advantage, sports zone, rent a car service, conference hall, separate swimming pools. Location: Sleet, Garden Tower, Shah]all Bridge Link Road. Radios Blue Water Garden Five star hotel services, with spa, health club and pool, business lounge facility, free WI-IF, grab and run late checkout facility, expressed checkout and one touch service. Location: Airport road, Dacha Cantonment, Dacha 1206.Coral Blue Only resort in SST. Martins. Facilities for diving, 24 hour reception Apart from the travel to cities and favorite destinations; local festivals and traditions fiestas as well as food tourism and cultural activities are increasingly driving Bangladesh countrymen to discover their nation state more exclusively than ever before. The food industry literally starts booming from the years of the recent past. A number of local and international food courts and restaurant chains are introduce and they are plating high quality international standard recipes with local style, spices and taste in it.To mention few names, international chain restaurants like KEF, Pizza hut, A, Node's and native delights like Nana barbarian, Beauty leach, Mistake chap, Handier barbarian will come upfront. Major tourist attractions of Bangladesh Although there is room for improvement in tourism industry, still there exist a handful of tourism spots for visits. These limited facilities are concentrated in some places, like Dacha, Chitchatting and Sylphs Divisions. In Chitchatting Division, the site seeing facilities are mainly located at Cox's Bazaar, Reanimating, Saccharine and Bandanna districts.Maintain at Comical is an important archaeol ogical site and Alabama Fort in Dacha is a great historic site. In Sylphs Division, the major tourist attractions are located mainly at Gaffing, Manhandled, Tea gardens and the Shrines of Hardhat Shah Jail and Shah Porn. Some renowned attractions in Rajahs Division are Cantata's Temple, Swapping, Rampages and Raja at Dinosaur, Paragraph at Nonage, and Manslaughter at Bogart. In Kulak Division, some attractions are Shutterbug Mosque at Begetter and Sandbar, the largest mangrove forest in the world, is located in the southern part of Kulak Division along the Bay of Bengal.This mangrove forest has been declared as a World Heritage site. There is no denying the fact that, Bangladesh has not made enough efforts to preserve and develop its tourism sites of historical, cultural and environmental interests and that is reason why Bangladesh is not earning as per the expectation from this prospective industry of tourism. Considerable efforts of the Government as well as private sectors are ne cessary here to make this industry flourish so that the domestic market can rise and people of our country gets more interested in discovering their own country ether than visiting other countries as holiday destination.Export growth regarding size and market In tourism industry export is regarded as percentage (%) of total export; which is basically the international tourist receipts (% of total exports) in Bangladesh. An international tourist receipt means the expenditure by international inbound visitors, including payments to national carriers for international transport. These payments include any other payment made for goods or services received in the destination country. The data shown in the graph shows that international tourist receipts got a onwards trend with some fluctuations.There is lack of budgetary allocation and scarcity of trained people for the development of tourism sector in Bangladesh and to international tourist through advertisement in international print a nd electronic media. Eventually these factors lead to a stagnant growth rate and make the tourism industry a slow operating revenue generating entity. The data shown in the graph reveal that foreign earnings got a rhythmic upward trend for the first 6 years(2001-2006) and then it remained almost stable for the following few years (2006-2010).